Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39829146›Full record

SynthesisBrain and behavior2025

Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Binbin Fu, Xiangyue Zhou, Xuan Zhou, Xin Li, Zhengquan Chen, Yanbin Zhang, Qing Du

2 registry-linked trialsAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Brain and behavior, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07182344 naenrolling by invitationnot on this map

Effects of iTBS on Cognitive Control in Children With ADHD: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Study Integrating EEG During ANT, fNIRS, MRI, and Genetic Markers

TypeinterventionalSponsorNeurolab PlusRan2025 to 2026Enrolled40ConditionsADHD - Attention Deficit Disorder With HyperactivityArmsIntermittent Theta Burst Stimulation to Right DLPFC, Sham Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation
NCT07736092 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Impact of Perioperative Transcranial Photobiomodulation on Delayed Neurocognitive Recovery in Older Patients After Surgery: a Randomized, Double-blind, Pseudo-modulation-controlled Preliminary Clinical Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorPeking University First HospitalRan2026 to 2027Enrolled130ConditionsOlder Adults, Surgery, Transcranial Photobiomodulation, Delayed Neurocognitive RecoveryArmsTranscranial photobiomodulation therapy, Transcranial pseudo-photobiomodulation
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Binbin FuDepartment of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0470-8862
Xiangyue ZhouDepartment of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Xuan ZhouDepartment of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Xin LiDepartment of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Zhengquan ChenDepartment of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Yanbin ZhangInstitute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
Qing DuDepartment of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Funding

National Key Research and Development Program of China 2023YFC3604801
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising neuromodulation technique that has been widely used in neuropsychiatric disorders, but there was no evidence on its effect on the improvement attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

objectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of TMS in reducing ADHD symptoms.

methodWe systematically searched four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases) for randomized controlled/crossover trials on the efficacy and safety of TMS on ADHD symptom improvement compared to sham rTMS or non-TMS interventions, published until September 18, 2024. Extracted data from the included studies involved patient characteristics, intervention protocols, and main outcomes. The effect size of the TMS treatment was evaluated using the standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), calculated with either a random effects model or fixed effects model depending on the level of heterogeneity.

resultEight studies (325 ADHD patients in total) were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. According to the core symptoms, TMS significantly improved inattention (SMD = -0.94, 95% CI = -1.33 to -0.56, p < 0.001) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (SMD = -0.98, 95% CI = -1.27 to -0.69, p < 0.001) compared to non-TMS interventions after 3-6 weeks of intervention. During the 1-month follow-up, the TMS group still demonstrated a significant improvement in inattention symptoms compared to the non-TMS group (SMD = -0.67, 95% CI = -1.06 to 0.28, p < 0.001). The total symptoms in the TMS group only showed improvement in the 1-month follow-up compared to the non-TMS group. (SMD = -0.48, 95% CI = -0.82 to -0.14, p = 0.005). Only minor adverse events were reported in the included studies, comprising headache and scalp discomfort.

conclusionTMS significantly improved the inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and total symptom scores in ADHD patients with minor adverse events. Future research should focus on the association between different brain regions and symptoms in ADHD patients, which is crucial for stimulation navigation in TMS interventions. The trial is registered in PROSPERO (PROSPERO registry number: CRD42023473853).

Indexed as

Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityTranscranial Magnetic StimulationHumansRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicTreatment Outcomeattention‐deficit hyperactivity disorderhyperactivityimpulsivityinattentiontranscranial magnetic stimulation

Identifiers

PMID39829146
PMCPMC11743978

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.