ArticleBMC oral health2025
Effect of ultrasonically-activated irrigation protocols used for regenerative endodontics on removal of dual species biofilm in a three-dimensionally printed tooth model: in vitro study.
Article in BMC oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Antimicrobial activity of Nd: YAG irradiation, laser activated photodynamic therapy and passive ultrasonic irrigation on enterococcus faecalis biofilms (an ex vivo study).BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Biological, antimicrobial, and apical tissue dissolution effects of ambroxol hydrochloride as an irrigant for regenerative endodontics: an in vitro study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
introductionEradication of residual biofilm from root canal dentine is critical for the success of regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs). THE AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the influence of ultrasonically activated irrigants in concentrations used for REPs for removal of dual-species biofilm from three-dimensionally printed tooth models with attached dentine samples. METHODOLOGY: Seventy-two three-dimensionally printed teeth models were fabricated with a standardized slot in the apical third of the root to ensure a precise fit with a human root dentine specimen. Dual-species biofilms (comprising Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans) were cultivated in the root canal for a period of three weeks. Models with dentine specimens were randomly assigned into 5 groups according to the irrigation protocol; G1(dis H2O): infected root canals irrigated with distilled water to serve as controls; G2(1.5% NaOCl): 1.5% NaOCl for five minutes; G3(1.5% NaOCl + PUI): 1.5% NaOCl + passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) for 30 s; G4(3% NaOCl): 3% NaOCl for five minutes; G5(3% NaOCl + PUI): 3% NaOCl + PUI for 30 s. Bacterial reduction was determined by colony-forming unit (CFU) counting (n = 12/G), whilst biofilms were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy in additional samples.
resultsThe four experimental groups showed a significant reduction in CFU counts compared to the control group (p < 0.05). When compared with (dis H2O), the highest reduction in bacterial count was obtained in G5 (3% NaOCl + PUI) followed by G4 (3% NaOCl), then G3 (1.5% NaOCl + PUI), and finally G2 (1.5% NaOCl).
conclusionResults of the current study propose that a 3D-printed mature tooth model can be effectively used to analyze the antimicrobial effects of different irrigation protocols on dual-species biofilm. The use of NaOCl in concentrations used for regenerative endodontics can effectively remove bacterial biofilms. Furthermore, the use of PUI did not significantly enhance antibacterial effects of NaOCl.
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