ArticleBMC research notes2025
Investigating the role of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) during pandemics: COVID-19 as an example.
Article in BMC research notes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza epidemiology: A retrospective analysis in Hebei Province, China from 2019 to 2023.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveThe coronavirus pandemic, with a wide range of clinical manifestations, is considered a serious emergency in increasing anxiety for vulnerable groups of young people such as students. The purpose of this study is to look into how COVID-19 affects depression and anxiety in students at Damghan University. It also aims to determine how non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) education affects COVID-19 anxiety and related aspects.
methodsThis is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study conducted on 276 students from Northeast Iran in 2022 using the convenience sampling method. The data were collected by posting the standard electronic questionnaire of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) on the study site's popular social media platforms. Participants were also given online access to the data collection (NPI) training protocols. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 statistical software and descriptive and inferential statistical tests.
results42.3% of participants in the study did not use or used very little of the Infection Prevention and Control (NPI) education, and considering participants' concerns about contracting COVID-19, 7.97% were somewhat concerned, while 58.3% were considered highly concerned. This result indicates that not using (NPI) education leads to increased anxiety. Most participants reported being highly compliant with using NPI trainings and COVID-19 prevention guidelines (57.6%), and 68.4% believed that COVID-19 will soon be eradicated. This result shows that (NPI) education lead to increased hope and decreased anxiety.
conclusionIn the near future, these findings may be helpful in the creation and execution of preventative initiatives and coping mechanisms.
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