ArticleBMC health services research2025
Billing models for measuring nursing care in inpatient and outpatient settings: a scoping review.
Article in BMC health services research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Measuring Nursing Productivity Based on a Review of the Literature: A Pilot Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Reforming nursing reimbursement: direct payment models under Iran's Nursing Service Act in a global context.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2025Article
- Costs Attributable to Falls Based on Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs) Analysis of Hospitalised Patients: A Case-Control Study.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2025Article
- Billing models for measuring nursing care in inpatient and outpatient settings: a scoping review.BMC health services research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe rising cost of healthcare is a concerning issue for healthcare systems. The Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) system lacks direct consideration for costs related to nursing care. Therefore, to date there is no clear picture of billing models that consider also nursing activity when evaluating healthcare service costs or what factors related to nursing care affect the costs of healthcare services and would therefore need to be considered in billing models.
methodsA scoping review was conducted. We searched articles published from January 2000 to September 2023, in English, Italian and Spanish. We consulted MEDLINE (Pubmed), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Web of Science (Clarivate), SCOPUS (Elsevier), ProQuest and Google Scholar, government sites and major international bodies (e.g., National Health Service NHS, World Health Organization WHO).
resultsWe included a total of 31 studies. The results highlighted 3 categories of factors related to nursing costs, which involve the organisation (e.g., nurse-to-patient ratio), nurses (e.g., skill mix, interventions), and patients (e.g., patient complexity, patient outcomes). All the billing models reported in the literature considered one or more of these categories to estimate nursing costs. The results also showed that appropriate management of organisational and nursing factors, such as staffing and skill mix, could improve healthcare service costs, nursing care or practice, and patient outcomes.
conclusionsThis study sheds light on the multifaceted aspects of nursing care that should be considered in a specific, comprehensive, billing model. Additional testing of existing models to verify their effectiveness, as well as the organisation of a permanent committee (or Task Force) that develops a comprehensive billing model, are necessary to guide the formulation of new policies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.