ArticleCell2025
A biophysical basis for the spreading behavior and limited diffusion of Xist.
Article in Cell, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- HnRNPK restrains memory precursor and plasma cell differentiation to control germinal center B-cell output.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- Site-specific programming characterizes dynamic post-translational acetylation of histone H2B lysine 108 in mouse embryonic stem cells.Nature communications · 2026Article
- hnRNPK condensates facilitate enhancer-promoter looping and RNA polymerase II recruitment.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Condensation of MATCAP promotes CENP-E-dependent chromosome congression in mitosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Epigenetic compartmentalization of mitotic chromosomes by phase-separation-driven repulsion between WDR5 and the chromosomal passenger complex.Nature communications · 2026Article
- RNA-binding protein hnRNPK: a multifunctional regulator of skeletal muscle biology and disease.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Condensed matter biology: from phase separation to percolated network.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Tuning the state: Matching condensate material properties with physiological demands and pathological dysfunction.Cell insight · 2026Review
- Condensate protein aggregation in ALS/FTD is regulated by GGGGCC-repeat RNA scaffolds.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2026Article
- TDP43 and hnRNP K Regulate Alternative Splicing of DNAJC5.Cell biology international · 2026Article
- Multi-layered gene regulation by long non-coding RNAs: from chromatin to genome architecture.BMB reports · 2026Review
- LncRNA SNHG3: a potential biomarker for human diseases.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Lyonization of X-chromosome: New insights.Journal of genetics · 2026Review
- Xist in X chromosome inactivation: mechanisms and disease relevance.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Phase separation paints Xi with Xist.Cell research · 2025Article
- Mechanistic and Epigenetic Partitioning of Lamina-Associated Chromatin Revealed by a Genome-Wide Imaging Screen.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Illuminating biomolecular assemblies in gene regulation.Biophysical reviews · 2025Review
- Xist condensates: perspectives for therapeutic intervention.Genome biology · 2025Review
- Decoding RNA-Protein Interactions: Methodological Advances and Emerging Challenges.Advanced genetics (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Review
- Phase Separation in Chromatin Organization and Human Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Xist RNA initiates X inactivation as it spreads in cis across the chromosome. Here, we reveal a biophysical basis for its cis-limited diffusion. Xist RNA and HNRNPK together drive a liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) that encapsulates the chromosome. HNRNPK droplets pull on Xist and internalize the RNA. Once internalized, Xist induces a further phase transition and "softens" the HNRNPK droplet. Xist alters the condensate's deformability, adhesiveness, and wetting properties in vitro. Other Xist-interacting proteins are internalized and entrapped within the droplet, resulting in a concentration of Xist and protein partners within the condensate. We attribute LLPS to HNRNPK's RGG and Xist's repeat B (RepB) motifs. Mutating these motifs causes Xist diffusion, disrupts polycomb recruitment, and precludes the required mixing of chromosomal compartments for Xist's migration. Thus, we hypothesize that phase transitions in HNRNPK condensates allow Xist to locally concentrate silencing factors and to spread through internal channels of the HNRNPK-encapsulated chromosome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.