Trends and predictors of reporting social determinants of health in shoulder surgery.

Background: The role of social determinants of health (SDH) in patient outcomes, quality of life, and overall well-being has been well documented. However, the inclusion of these variables in randomized control trials (RCTs) remains limited; thus, the extent of generalizability from such trials is brought into question. The purpose of this study is to explore the rates of reporting SDH variables in RCTs focused on shoulder surgery from the past decade. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for RCTs with a focus on shoulder surgery from 2013 to 2023. Duplicates, responses to the editor, biomechanical studies, and nonshoulder studies were excluded. Each article was reviewed and data pertaining to patient demographics and socioeconomic covariates. Journal of publication was recorded, and studies from the 5 most common journals were analyzed. These journals were the Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, the American Journal of Sports Medicine (AJSM), the Bone and Joint Journal, and the Journal of the American Medical Association. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the independent effect of study characteristics on the reporting rates of SDH. Results: A total of 255 articles were reviewed. Of these, 93.3% and 90.2% of articles reviewed reported age and sex, respectively. Employment status was reported in 11.8% of articles. Less than 10% reported race, ethnicity, income, insurance, and housing, with even less performing formal analyses on these variables. Studies that were conducted in the United States, multicenter, had a sample size of 251+, and had a combination of public and private funding which were significantly more likely to report on race and ethnicity. Reporting employment status was significantly associated with being European-based, multicenter, sample size 251+, double-blinded, and published in AJSM. Newer studies were significantly less likely to report education. Only publication in AJSM was significant for reporting income. Study intervention and topic were not significant for any SDH reporting. Discussion: These data reflect how small of a proportion of RCTs report and analyze on SDH variables. These findings reflect a need for future RCTs to accurately report SDH variables that influence outcomes, such as race, ethnicity, education, employment, income, housing status, and insurance. SDH are infrequently reported and analyzed in RCTs pertaining to shoulder surgery. Academic medical journals should incorporate guidelines to encourage studies to include such variables and enable the assessment of outcomes to apply to a broader population.