ArticlePediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)2025
Investigation of a targeted panel of gut microbiome-derived toxins in children with chronic kidney disease.
Article in Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Role of the Gut-Liver-Kidney Axis in Disease Manifestation and Biomarker Alterations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Gut-Kidney Axis: Unraveling the Role of the Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Association of Dietary Micronutrient Intake and the Metabolome in Children with CKD.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2025Article
- Gut-derived metabolites as treatment targets in chronic kidney disease-an avenue toward personalized medicine.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe gut-kidney axis is implicated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) morbidity. We describe how a panel of gut microbiome-derived toxins relates to kidney function and neurocognitive outcomes in children with CKD, consisting of indoleacetate, 3-indoxylsulfate, p-cresol glucuronide, p-cresol sulfate, and phenylacetylglutamine.
methodsThe Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) cohort is a North American multicenter prospective cohort that enrolled children aged 6 months to 16 years with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 30-89 ml/min/1.73 m
resultsThere were 150 CKiD participants included in this study. All toxins levels were significantly inversely correlated with eGFR (Spearman's rho - 0.45 to - 0.69). Children with non-glomerular CKD had significantly higher levels of 3-indoxylsulfate, phenylacetylglutamine, and p-cresol glucuronide. The toxin levels did not associate with neurocognitive outcomes. P-cresol glucuronide and phenylacetylglutamine negatively associated with left ventricular mass index z score, but did not associate with left ventricular hypertrophy.
conclusionsChildren with CKD have high levels of circulating gut microbiome-derived toxins. The levels of these toxins are strongly correlated with eGFR. There appear to be differences in toxin level based on glomerular versus non-glomerular etiology, even when accounting for the differences in eGFR between these two subgroups. In this sample, we did not detect any associations between these toxin levels and neurocognitive or cardiac outcomes.
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