Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39820465›Full record

ArticleNPJ vaccines2025

Antibody responses against influenza A decline with successive years of annual influenza vaccination.

Sheena G Sullivan, Arseniy Khvorov, Louise Carolan, Leslie Dowson, A Jessica Hadiprodjo, Stephany Sánchez-Ovando, Yi Liu, Vivian K Y Leung, David Hodgson, Christopher C Blyth and 16 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Comparison of the immunogenicity of adjuvanted and conventional egg-based quadrivalent influenza vaccines among healthcare personnel in Lima, Peru: A randomized controlled trial.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2026
    Trial
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Observational
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Influenza vaccine-specific CD4NPJ vaccines · 2026
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

26 authors.

Sheena G SullivanWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia. sheena.sullivan@monash.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-0294
Arseniy KhvorovWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
Louise CarolanWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
Leslie DowsonDepartment of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
A Jessica HadiprodjoWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
Stephany Sánchez-OvandoWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
Yi LiuWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2157-8368
Vivian K Y LeungDepartment of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
David HodgsonDepartment of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Dynamics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Christopher C BlythWesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.
Marion MacnishWesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.
Allen C ChengSchool of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
Michelle HaugenauerAlfred Health, Melbourne, Australia.
Julia ClarkQueensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
Sonia DoughertyQueensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
Kristine MacartneyThe Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-0232
Archana KoiralaThe Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
Ameneh KhatamiThe Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-6694
Ajay JadhavThe Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
Helen MarshallThe Women and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, Australia.
Kathryn E RileyThe Women and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, Australia.
Peter A B WarkJohn Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia.
Catherine DelahuntyJohn Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia.
Kanta SubbaraoWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1713-3056
Adam J KucharskiDepartment of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Dynamics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Annette FoxWHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.

Funding

Does repeated influenza vaccination constrain influenza immune responses and protection?R01AI141534 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE · PI FOX, ANNETTE, KUCHARSKI, ADAM JAMES · 2019 to 2023
$4.9M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI141534U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) R01AI141534
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Influenza vaccine effectiveness and immunogenicity can be compromised with repeated vaccination. We assessed immunological markers in a cohort of healthcare workers (HCW) from six public hospitals around Australia during 2020-2021. Sera were collected pre-vaccination and ~14 and ~180 days post-vaccination and assessed in haemagglutination inhibition assay against egg-grown vaccine and equivalent cell-grown viruses. Responses to vaccination were compared by the number of prior vaccinations. Baseline sera were available for 595 HCW in 2020 and 1031 in 2021. 5% had not been vaccinated during five years prior to enrolment and 55% had been vaccinated every year. Post-vaccination titres for all vaccine antigens were lowest among HCW vaccinated in all 5-prior years and highest among HCW with 0 or 1 prior vaccinations, even after adjustment. This was observed for both influenza A subtypes and was dependent on pre-vaccination titre. Expanded cohorts are needed to better understand how this translates to vaccine effectiveness.

Identifiers

PMID39820465
PMCPMC11739582

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.