ArticlePreventing chronic disease2025
Rural-Urban Disparities in State-Level Diabetes Prevalence Among US Adults, 2021.
Article in Preventing chronic disease, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Diabetic retinopathy treatment cascade and care continuum in the USA: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2026Pooled it
- Cardiac magnetic resonance biomarkers for cardiovascular complications in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Closing the rural diabetes research gap: a case for coordinated international collaboration.Global health action · 2026Article
- The obesity-related chronic disease index (ORCDi), a novel composite metric to quantify ORCD burden: an ecological study across U.S. census tracts.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Rural-Urban Differences in Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity Among US Adults: Findings From the REGARDS Study.Journal of physical activity & health · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the 2021-2024 Implementation of the Fresh Start Enhanced Food Is Medicine Intervention Among Rural, Underinsured People With Type 2 Diabetes.Preventing chronic disease · 2026Article
- Practice-based cardiovascular research in rural primary care: research priorities and implementation insights.BMC primary care · 2026Article
- Article
- Risk of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association with Cardiorespiratory Endurance in Zenú Indigenous People in Momil, Córdoba, Colombia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Rural-Urban Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence and Mortality.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Nonmedical Factors That Influence Diabetes Complications and Multilevel Strategies to Reduce Disparities and Improve Outcomes in the U.S.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Geographic and Sociodemographic Patterns in Prevalence of Diagnosed Diabetes, US, 2021-2024.Preventing chronic disease · 2026Article
- Beyond Rurality: Individual Socioeconomic Status and Chronic Disease Prevalence.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- A Regionally Inspired West Virginia Obesogenic Diet Induces Fat Accretion and Metabolic Dysfunction While Identifying Sex Disparity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Rural-urban disparities in diabetes quality of care with accountable care organization participation.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2026Article
- The Burden of Stigma in Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from a Rural Primary Care Sample in Türkiye.Sisli Etfal Hastanesi tip bulteni · 2026Article
- Survival and life expectancy inequality by gender in Thai provinces: Trends from 2015 to 2023.PloS one · 2026Article
- Food insecurity among Latina women in Idaho and Washington: structural vulnerability, psychosocial factors, and cardiometabolic risk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Promoting Access to Continuous Glucose Monitoring among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Rural Areas: A Report from the Field.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · 2026Article
- Rural Perspectives on Digital Health in Cardiovascular Care: Qualitative Study of Interviews With Rural and Rural-Serving Primary Care Providers and Cardiologists.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: We assessed state-level disparities in diabetes prevalence among adults in rural and urban areas in the United States. Methods: We estimated state-specific diabetes prevalence in rural and urban areas in 41 states with applicable data from the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Rural areas were defined based on the 2013 National Center for Health Statistics Urban-Rural Classification Scheme. We estimated diabetes odds ratios (ORs) in rural versus urban areas in each state by using logistic regressions adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and obesity status. Analyses were conducted in 2023. Results: In rural areas, diabetes prevalence was 14.3%, ranging from 8.4% in Colorado to 21.3% in North Carolina. In urban areas, the prevalence was 11.2%, ranging from 6.9% in Colorado to 15.5% in West Virginia. Unadjusted diabetes ORs in rural versus urban areas were significant (P < .05) and greater than 1 for 19 states. After adjusting for age, sex, race, and ethnicity, the ORs were significant and greater than 1 for 7 states (Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Oregon, and Virginia). With additional adjustment for education, income, and obesity status, diabetes ORs in rural versus urban areas remained significant and greater than 1 for 2 states (North Carolina and Oregon). Conclusion: Our findings reveal significant geographic disparities in diabetes prevalence between rural and urban areas in 19 states. The differences in most states may have been explained by rural-urban differences in sociodemographic characteristics and obesity rates. Our findings could inform decision makers to identify effective ways to reduce rural-urban disparities within states.
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