ArticlePreventing chronic disease2025
Depression and Incident Hypertension: The Strong Heart Family Study.
Article in Preventing chronic disease, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Clarifying the Association Between Food Insecurity and Chronic Disease: Why Methods Matter.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Environmental Exposures and Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in Vulnerable Youth: The Example of American Indian/Alaska Native Populations.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- Peripartum Telehealth Care Utilization During the COVID-19 Pandemic, by Hypertension Status, PCORnet®, 2018 to 2023.Medical care · 2026Article
- Resting beat-to-beat blood pressure variability is preserved in young adults with major depressive disorder.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2025Article
- Stress, Anxiety, and Self-Efficacy in Hypertension: Evidence from a Romanian Case-Control Study.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Improving American Indian Adolescent and Young Adult Cardiovascular Health: The Importance of the Strong Heart Family Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Review
- Systemic Inflammation at the Crossroad of Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbidities: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Predicting hypertension through big five personality traits: a four-year longitudinal study in Japan.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- 35 Years of Partnership to Advance Cardiovascular Health and Well-Being in American Indian Communities: The Strong Heart Study and Strong Heart Family Study.Preventing chronic disease · 2025Article
- Review
- Adverse childhood experiences and hypertension: examining the roles of depressive symptoms and cardiometabolic dysregulations based on CHARLS data.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- A vascular endothelial cell, neuron, and microglia tri-culture model to study hypertension-related depression.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Compared with White Americans, American Indian adults have disproportionately high depression rates. Previous studies in non-American Indian populations report depression as common among people with uncontrolled hypertension, potentially interfering with blood pressure control. Few studies have examined the association of depressive symptoms with hypertension development among American Indians despite that population's high burden of depression and hypertension. We examined the association of depressive symptoms with incident hypertension in a large cohort of American Indians. Methods: We studied 1,408 American Indian participants in the Strong Heart Family Study, a longitudinal, ongoing, epidemiologic study assessing cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among American Indian populations. Depressive symptoms were assessed by using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale, 2001-2003. At each study examination in 2001-2003 and 2007-2009, blood pressure was measured 3 times. The average of the last 2 measurements taken at baseline and follow-up examinations was used for analyses. Incident hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mm Hg, or use of hypertension medications at follow-up. To account for within-family correlation, we used generalized estimating equations to examine the association of depressive symptoms with incident hypertension. Results: During follow-up, 257 participants developed hypertension. Participants with symptoms consistent with depression (CES-D ≥16) at baseline had 54% higher odds of developing hypertension during follow-up (OR = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.06-2.23) compared with those without depression (CES-D <16) at baseline after adjustment for other risk factors. Conclusion: These data suggest that participants who experienced symptoms consistent with depression were at increased odds of incident hypertension.
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