ReviewJournal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine2025
Large Language Models and Large Multimodal Models in Medical Imaging: A Primer for Physicians.
Review in Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Human researchers are superior to large language models in writing a medical systematic review in a comparative multitask assessment.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Agreement of Multimodal Large Language Models and Novice Readers With Expert-Based Radiographic Scoring of Presumptive Septic Carpal Arthritis in Calves.Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association · 2026Article
- The Rise of Small Language Models in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Survey.Computer science review · 2026Article
- End-to-End PET/CT Interpretation and Quantification with an LLM-Orchestrated AI Agent: A Real-World Pilot Study.Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2026Article
- Multimodal large language models for bladder tumor detection in cystoscopy: a retrospective benchmarking study.World journal of urology · 2026Article
- Human-AI collaboration using GPT-5 for MR grading of endolymphatic hydrops in Ménière's disease.European radiology · 2026Article
- Multimodal Large Language Models for Dental Chart Image Interpretation: Cross-Sectional Benchmarking Study With Students and Clinicians.JMIR medical education · 2026Article
- Large language models and large multimodal models in radiology: opportunities, challenges, and the path toward sustainable long-term clinical integration.Japanese journal of radiology · 2026Review
- Human-AI interaction and collaboration in radiology: from conceptual frameworks to responsible implementation.Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey) · 2026Review
- Large language models for lumbar spondylolisthesis detection: a multi-center pilot comparative radiographic accuracy study.European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie · 2026Article
- Real-World Analysis of Organ Transplantation-Specific Agent Based on Large Language Model in Post-Transplant Self-Management During Off-Hours: A Mixed-Methods Study.Current medical science · 2026Article
- Applications of artificial intelligence in nuclear medicine.Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik · 2026Review
- Article
- Performance, safety, and limitations of multimodal large language models in wound image assessment.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Retrieval-augmented generative AI enhances clinical reasoning in odontogenic sinusitis versus maxillary sinus mucositis.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Bridging modalities with AI: a review of AI advances in multimodal biomedical imaging.Communications engineering · 2026Review
- Multimodal large language models challenge NEJM image challenge.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Accuracy and Stability of Multimodal Large Language Models for Hand Fracture Detection: A Multi-Run Evaluation on Plain Radiographs.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Comparative Assessment of ChatGPT, Gemini, and DeepSeek Accuracy: Examining Visual Medical Assessment in Internal Medicine Cases with and Without Clinical Context.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) are poised to have a disruptive impact on health care. Numerous studies have demonstrated promising applications of LLMs in medical imaging, and this number will grow as LLMs further evolve into large multimodal models (LMMs) capable of processing both text and images. Given the substantial roles that LLMs and LMMs will have in health care, it is important for physicians to understand the underlying principles of these technologies so they can use them more effectively and responsibly and help guide their development. This article explains the key concepts behind the development and application of LLMs, including token embeddings, transformer networks, self-supervised pretraining, fine-tuning, and others. It also describes the technical process of creating LMMs and discusses use cases for both LLMs and LMMs in medical imaging.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.