Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39819494›Full record

ArticleActa neuropathologica communications2025

Transcriptome analysis of novel B16 melanoma metastatic variants generated by serial intracarotid artery injection.

Jenny C Kienzler, Erick M Contreras, Janet Treger, Linda M Liau, Geoffrey C Owens, Robert M Prins

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Acta neuropathologica communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The lipid raft-linker gene Raftlin-2 is expressed in migrating neural crest cells.Differentiation; research in biological diversity · 2026
    Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Jenny C KienzlerDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. kienzler@immunology.uzh.ch.
Erick M ContrerasDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Janet TregerDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Linda M LiauDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Geoffrey C OwensDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Robert M PrinsDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Funding

Women's CancersP30CA016042 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI Robert Damoiseaux · 1985 to 2026
$134.5M
UCLA SPORE in Brain CancerP50CA211015 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI Yvonne Yu-Hsuan Chen · 2017 to 2026
$25.2M
NCI NIH HHS P30 CA016042NCI NIH HHS P50 CA211015Swiss Cancer Research Foundation BIL KFS-4563-08-2018
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The incidence of brain metastases (BrM) in patients with metastatic melanoma is reported to be 30-50% and constitutes the third most frequent BrM after breast and renal cancers. Treatment strategies including surgical resection, stereotactic radiation, and immunotherapy have improved clinical response rates and overall survival, but the changes that occur in circulating melanoma cells to promote invasion of the brain are not fully understood. To investigate brain tropism, we generated new variants of the B16 mouse melanoma model by serially passaging B16 cells through the brain of immune competent syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Cells were injected into the right carotid artery and recovered from the brain after the mice had reached the study endpoint due to tumor burden, then expanded in vitro and reinjected. We compared the transcriptomes of 4th generation B16 cell populations from separate lineages with the founder B16-F0 cells. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of differentially expressed protein coding genes revealed that cells isolated from the brain as well as from the lung and meninges expressed higher levels of genes associated with an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), upregulation of the KRAS signaling pathway, and a metastasis aggressiveness gene signature associated with poor survival in melanoma patients. Principal component analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that 4th generation melanoma cells isolated from the brain, lung and meninges from one lineage were distinct from those of the other three lineages. Among the differentially expressed genes, transcript levels of several genes, including Itgb2, Rftn2, and Kcnn4, were significantly higher in all cell populations that comprised this lineage compared with all cell populations from the other three lineages. In conclusion, we have derived an aggressive, highly brain metastatic B16 variant associated with leptomeningeal disease by serially passaging cells in vivo.

Indexed as

Brain NeoplasmsMelanoma, ExperimentalAnimalsCell Line, TumorDisease Models, AnimalEpithelial-Mesenchymal TransitionFemaleGene Expression ProfilingMiceMice, Inbred C57BLTranscriptomeB16-F0Brain metastasisEpithelial to mesenchymal transitionLeptomeningeal diseaseLipid raftsMelanoma

Identifiers

PMID39819494
PMCPMC11737150

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.