Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39819406›Full record

ArticleCurrent drug delivery2026

Drug-Loaded Hydrogel Microneedles for Sustainable Transdermal Delivery of Macromolecular Proteins.

Rubhan Chandran, Eusni Rahayu Mohd Tohit, Johnson Stanslas, Norazlinaliza Salim, Tuan Mazlelaa Tuan Mahmood

Abstract read
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Article in Current drug delivery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Rubhan ChandranHaematology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Eusni Rahayu Mohd TohitHaematology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Johnson StanslasPharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Norazlinaliza SalimIntegrated Chemical Biophysics Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Tuan Mazlelaa Tuan MahmoodFaculty of Pharmacy, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Funding

Fundamental Research Grant Scheme from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia FRGS/1/2015/SKK08/UPM/02/8
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionPoly(methyl vinyl ether co-maleic acid) (PMVE/MA) hydrogel microneedles (HMN) are investigated for transdermal delivery of macromolecular drugs owing to their biocompatibility and super-swelling properties. However, the drug delivery efficacy reduces with increasing molecular weight due to the entrapment within the HMN matrices. Furthermore, integrating external drug reservoirs extends the drug diffusion path and reduces the efficiency of drug permeation.

methodsA direct drug loading approach in the HMN matrix was introduced in this work following a pH modification step. The effect of pH modification on the physicochemical properties of HMN was studied. Then, bovine serum albumin (BSA), a model protein, was loaded into the pH-modified HMN, and the morphological changes in HMN and protein stability were also assessed. Finally, the efficacy of BSA-loaded HMN in the transdermal delivery was evaluated

resultsA significant increase in swelling was recorded following the pH modification of HMN (p < 0.001). The structure of pH-modified hydrogel was highly porous, and ATR-FTIR spectra indicated a shift in the carboxylic peak. The secondary structure of BSA loaded in the pH-modified HMN was also preserved. The BSA-loaded HMN mediated a sustained ex-vivo drug release with a cumulative release of 64.70% (3.88 mg) in 24 h.

conclusionThe model drug-incorporated PMVE/MA HMN system shows potential for sustainable transdermal delivery of proteins.

Indexed as

Drug Delivery SystemsHydrogelsMaleatesSerum Albumin, BovineAdministration, CutaneousAnimalsCattleDrug LiberationHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationNeedlesPolyvinylsSkinSkin AbsorptionHydrogelsMaleatesPolyvinylsSerum Albumin, Bovinebovine serum albumindrug deliveryHydrogelmicroneedleproteintransdermal

Identifiers

PMID39819406

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.