Mycotoxin toxicity and its alleviation strategy on female mammalian reproduction and fertility.

backgroundMycotoxin, a secondary metabolite of fungus, found worldwide and concerning in crops and food, causes multiple acute and chronic toxicities. Its toxic profile includes hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, estrogenicity, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, leading to deleterious impact on human and animal health. Emerging evidence suggests that it adversely affects perinatal health and progeny by its ability to cross placental barriers. AIM OF REVIEW: Due to its wide occurrence and potential toxicity on reproductive health, it is essential to understand the mechanisms of mycotoxin-related reproductive toxicity. This review summarizes the toxicities and mechanisms of mycotoxin on maternal and offspring reproduction among mammalian species. Approaches for effective mycotoxin alleviation are also discussed, providing strategies against mycotoxin contamination. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: The profound mycotoxin toxicities in female mammalian reproduction affect follicle assembly, embryo development, and fetus growth, thereby decreasing offspring fertility. Factors from endocrine system such as hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and gut-ovarian axis, placenta ABC transporters, organelle and cytoskeleton dynamics, cell cycle control, genomic stability, and redox homeostasis are found to be closely related to mycotoxin toxicities. Approaches from physical, chemical, biological, and supplementation of natural antioxidants are discussed for the mycotoxin elimination, while their applications are not widespread. Available ways for mycotoxin and its toxicities alleviation need further study. Since a species-, time-, and dose-specific response might exist in mycotoxin toxicities, more consideration should be given to the protocols for mycotoxin toxicity studies, such as experimental animal models, exposure duration, and dosage. Specific mechanism for mycotoxin, especially form a molecular biology perspective, could be investigated with multi-omics technologies and advanced imaging techniques. Mass spectrometry with algorithms may provide more accurate exposure assessments, and it may be further helpful to identify the high-risk individuals in the future.