Artificial Intelligence-Driven Approaches to Managing Surgeon Fatigue and Improving Performance.

Surgeon fatigue significantly affects cognitive and motor functions, increasing the risk of errors and adverse patient outcomes. Traditional fatigue management methods, such as structured breaks and duty-hour limits, are insufficient for real-time fatigue detection in high-stakes surgeries. With advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), there is growing potential for AI-driven technologies to address this issue through continuous monitoring and adaptive interventions. This paper explores how AI, via machine learning algorithms, wearable devices, and real-time feedback systems, enables comprehensive fatigue detection by analysing physiological, behavioural, and environmental data. Techniques such as heart rate variability analysis, electroencephalogram monitoring, and computer vision-based behavioural analysis are examined, as well as predictive models that provide proactive solutions. These AI-driven systems could suggest personalized break schedules, task redistribution, and interface adaptations in response to real-time fatigue indicators, potentially enhancing surgical safety and precision. However, ethical challenges, including data privacy and surgeon autonomy, must be carefully navigated to foster acceptance and integration within clinical settings. This review highlights AI's transformative potential in optimizing fatigue management and improving overall outcomes in the operating room​​​​​.