ArticleExploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy2025
Assessing community antibiotic usage and adherence as per standard treatment guidelines: A potential area to enhance awareness at community pharmacy settings.
Article in Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Lack of Knowledge and Training About Antibiotic Resistance Among Community Pharmacists in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- A Codesigned Approach to Develop Tailored Antimicrobial Stewardship Strategies in Bangladesh: A Social-Ecological Systems Framework Analysis.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026Article
- Public Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Antimicrobial Resistance in Brazil: Insights from a Nationwide Online Survey.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Applying a gender and equity matrix for a contextualized antimicrobial stewardship intervention in Pakistan.Health policy and planning · 2026Article
- Operationalising Genomic Surveillance for Antimicrobial Resistance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A One Health Perspective from Bangladesh.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Antibiotic dispensing practices in community pharmacies: Implications for antimicrobial stewardship in resource-constrained settings.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
- Shifting the mindset regarding adherence to antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Antibiotic nonadherence significantly contributes to poor treatment outcomes and antimicrobial resistance. In Southeast Asia, including Bangladesh, community pharmacies are crucial in primary healthcare, and are key sources of over-the-counter antibiotics. However, understanding of adherence to the full course of community-dispensed antibiotics is limited. This study measured antibiotic adherence to Bangladesh government and WHO Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs) among patients at community pharmacies and identifies associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted via phone among 358 respondents from four urban and rural areas of Bangladesh who participated in a previous antibiotic purchasing behavior survey. Descriptive analysis identified antibiotic use patterns, and adherence to the full course of antibiotics was assessed against STGs recommendations. Poisson regression model was used to explore correlations between patients' demographic characteristics, knowledge of antibiotic dosage, dosage regimen, and type of health-symptoms and adherence to the full course of antibiotics. Results: Adherence to antibiotic dosage per STGs was 40.5 %. Patients consulting a registered medical practitioner were significantly more likely to adhere (Adj-PR: 3.81, 95 % CI: 2.82-5.14) compared to those who did not. Males were 32.0 % less likely to adhere than females (Adj-PR: 0.68, 95 % CI: 0.54-0.86). Rural residents demonstrated 37.0 % lower adherence compared to urban (Adj- PR: 0.63, 95 % CI: 0.45-0.87). Respondents who recalled the antibiotic dosage had a higher likelihood of adherence (Adj-PR: 2.04, 95 % CI: 1.06-3.93). Patients on 12-hourly regimens had higher adherence (Adj-PR: 1.55, 95 % CI: 1.03-2.33) than 6-hourly regimens. Patients with uncomplicated skin-infections had higher adherence (Adj-PR: 1.72, 95 % CI: 1.22-2.47), while other symptoms showed no significant association. Conclusion: Targeted interventions in diverse healthcare settings are essential, including user-centric research and enhancing patient knowledge and involvement. Strengthening patient-physician relationships and involving community pharmacies in antimicrobial stewardship programs can improve antibiotic dispensing and counselling practices among drug-sellers.
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