Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39809831›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Inhalable biohybrid microrobots: a non-invasive approach for lung treatment.

Zhengxing Li, Zhongyuan Guo, Fangyu Zhang, Lei Sun, Hao Luan, Zheng Fang, Jeramy L Dedrick, Yichen Zhang, Christine Tang, Audrey Zhu and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. CD5Science advances · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Phototaxis and Motility ofMicromachines · 2026
    Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Advances in Inhaled Nanoparticle Drug Delivery for Pulmonary Disease Management.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025
    Review
  17. Micro/Nanorobots for Combating Brain Disorders: Challenges, Advances, and Perspectives.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Review
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Zhengxing Li *Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0250-0936
Zhongyuan Guo *Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Fangyu Zhang *Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6522-5230
Lei Sun *Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Hao LuanAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Zheng FangAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-3998-8232
Jeramy L DedrickScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Yichen ZhangProgram in Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Christine TangAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Audrey ZhuAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Yiyan YuAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7136-654X
Shichao DingAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3795-306X
Dan WangAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
An-Yi ChangAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8327-9892
Lu YinAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5075-5263
Lynn M RussellScripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6108-2375
Weiwei GaoAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5196-4887
Ronnie H FangAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6373-3189
Liangfang ZhangAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. zhang@ucsd.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0637-0654
Joseph WangAiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. josephwang@ucsd.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4921-9674

Funding

United States Department of Defense | Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) HDTRA1-21-1-0010United States Department of Defense | Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) HDTRA1-24-1-0019
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Amidst the rising prevalence of respiratory diseases, the importance of effective lung treatment modalities is more critical than ever. However, current drug delivery systems face significant limitations that impede their efficacy and therapeutic outcome. Biohybrid microrobots have shown considerable promise for active in vivo drug delivery, especially for pulmonary applications via intratracheal routes. However, the invasive nature of intratracheal administration poses barriers to its clinical translation. Herein, we report on an efficient non-invasive inhalation-based method of delivering microrobots to the lungs. A nebulizer is employed to encapsulate picoeukaryote algae microrobots within small aerosol particles, enabling them to reach the lower respiratory tract. Post nebulization, the microrobots retain their motility (~55 μm s

Indexed as

Drug Delivery SystemsLungVancomycinAdministration, InhalationAerosolsAnimalsAnti-Bacterial AgentsDisease Models, AnimalFemaleHumansMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureusMiceNanoparticlesNebulizers and VaporizersAerosolsAnti-Bacterial AgentsVancomycin

Identifiers

PMID39809831
PMCPMC11733022

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.