ArticleConservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology2025
Survival of Eurasian lynx in the human-dominated landscape of Europe.
Article in Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Translocation effects on regional and local population viability and connectivity.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2026Article
- Climate and land use change potentially drives southern range contraction and latitudinal shift in Caucasian Lynx.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Organisation of Wildlife Passive Disease Surveillance in Slovenia over 30 Years (1995-2025) and Insights into Certain Causes of Disease or Mortality.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Survival of Eurasian lynx in the human-dominated landscape of Europe.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2025Article
- Long-Term Changes in Survival of Eurasian Lynx in Three Reintroduced Populations in Switzerland.Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Multidisciplinary monitoring and stakeholder engagement support large carnivore restoration in human-dominated landscape.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
43 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Survival and cause-specific mortality rates are vital for evidence-based population forecasting and conservation, particularly for large carnivores, whose populations are often vulnerable to human-caused mortalities. It is therefore important to know the relationship between anthropogenic and natural mortality causes to evaluate whether they are additive or compensatory. Further, the relation between survival and environmental covariates could reveal whether specific landscape characteristics influence demographic performance. We used telemetry data on 681 Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), a model apex predator with large spatial requirements, that were tracked across their European distribution. Through time-to-event analyses, we sought to determine the variables associated with differences in their survival. Illegal killing was the main cause of mortality (33.8%), and mortality rates were similar in protected and hunted populations (8.6% and 7.0% per year, respectively). Survival varied greatly across populations (70-95% per year). Across all study sites, higher hunting and anthropogenic mortality rates were partially compensated by lower rates of other mortality causes but not by natural mortality alone. Variation in survival depended on sex (female survival was 1.5 times greater than male survival) and seasonality (highest risk during hunting season and winter), and lower survival rates were correlated with higher human modification of landscapes at both coarse (home range composition) and fine (habitat use within home range) scales. Some variation in survival was driven by unobserved factors, which, given the high rates of human-caused mortalities, including illegal killing, are of foremost concern. Due to the low natural mortality rates in protected and hunted populations, we conclude that anthropogenic causes of mortality are likely close to additive, such that maintaining or increasing refuge habitat with little human disturbance is critical to lynx conservation.
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