ArticleBMJ open2024
Long-term impact of COVID-19 pandemic on fear of COVID-19 and psychological distress among the general population in Japan: a longitudinal study.
Article in BMJ open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectivesThe long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health issues of the general population in Japan is unclear. Thus, we examined the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on fear of COVID-19 and psychological distress and determined their causal relationships among the general population in Japan. DESIGN AND
settingA longitudinal online survey was conducted by a Japanese online survey company to investigate the items regarding personal demographics, fear of COVID-19 (Japanese version of the fear of COVID-19 scale) and psychological distress (Japanese version of the Kessler 6 scale).
participantsThe participants were 274 individuals (women=44.2%) with a mean age of 51.6 years (SD=13.6) who responded to the online surveys in September 2020 (Time 1: T1) and January 2023 (Time 2: T2).
resultsThe paired t-test showed that fear of COVID-19 decreased significantly from T1 to T2 (t=2.79, df=273, p<0.01, d=0.16). The χ
conclusionsDuring the long-lasting COVID-19 pandemic, fear of COVID-19 decreased, but psychological distress did not change. In addition, fear of COVID-19 predicted psychological distress and was associated with poorer household finances and avoiding contact with others. Mental health professionals and policymakers should continue to support mental health issues following the long-lasting COVID-19 pandemic through interventions focused on promoting financial support and social interactions to reduce fear of COVID-19.
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