Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39806355›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2025

Combined exposure to mixed brominated flame retardants on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in US adults.

Junping Liu, Zhaoyue Liu, Xinru Liu, Nan Wang, Lin Wu, Xiaoxue Xu, Wei Liu, Yajie Feng, Huanyu Zhang, Yue Zhou and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Junping Liu *Department of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
Zhaoyue Liu *Department of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
Xinru Liu *Department of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
Nan WangDepartment of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
Lin WuDepartment of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
Xiaoxue XuDepartment of Health Economics, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
Wei LiuDepartment of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
Yajie FengDepartment of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
Huanyu ZhangDepartment of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
Yue ZhouDepartment of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
Xinle YinDepartment of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
Yaping LiuDepartment of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
Qunhong WuDepartment of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China. wuqunhong@163.com.
Ning NingDepartment of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China. hmuningning@126.com.
Libo LiangDepartment of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China. llbhit@163.com.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 72274047
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAccumulating research highlights that exposure to serum brominated flame retardants (BFRs) may elevate health risks. The effects of serum BFRs, both alone and in combination, on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have not been thoroughly studied. Our main goal was to examine the association between individual and mixtures of serum BFRs and OSAS risk.

methodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were employed, including 1,341 participants. We included participants with full details on OSAS, covariates, and 7 types of serum BFRs (PBDE28, PBDE47, PBDE99, PBDE100, PBDE153, PBB153, and PBDE209). To investigate the OSAS risk with BFRs exposure, multivariate logistic regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, quantile g-computation (QGC), Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models, and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were implemented.

resultsSerum BFRs, including PBDE28, PBDE47, PBDE99, PBDE100, and PBB153, showed positive correlations with the OSAS risk. The toxic effect of serum BFRs co-exposure on OSAS risk was consistently demonstrated through the results of WQS regression, QGC and BKMR models. PBB153 was determined to be the most weighted BFRs. Additionally, RCS regression model also verified the strong non-linear relationship that existed between OSAS risk and PBB153.

conclusionsFindings of the study prove that BFRs co-exposure exerts a deleterious effect on OSAS risk. Future large-scale prospective investigations and experimental studies are desirable to confirm these findings.

Indexed as

Environmental ExposureFlame RetardantsSleep Apnea, ObstructiveAdultAgedFemaleHalogenated Diphenyl EthersHumansMaleMiddle AgedNutrition SurveysUnited StatesFlame RetardantsHalogenated Diphenyl EthersBrominated flame retardantsJoint effectNHANESObstructive sleep apnea

Identifiers

PMID39806355
PMCPMC11730165

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.