ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2025
The haemagglutinin gene of bovine-origin H5N1 influenza viruses currently retains receptor-binding and pH-fusion characteristics of avian host phenotype.
Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- Beyond H5N1: influenza A virus infection in bovine udder organoids.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Acquisition of specific human respiratory tract binding by 2.3.4.4b H5N1 hemagglutinins requires multiple mutations.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Standing HA phenotypic breadth shapes H5N1 cross-host potential.Research square · 2026Article
- Hemagglutinin E190D substitution in clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) influenza virus reduces receptor binding and viral fitness.Npj viruses · 2026Article
- Mammary and respiratory infection of sheep with H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b viruses with milk-mediated transmission to lambs.Science advances · 2026Article
- Preclinical evaluation of an mRNA vaccine developed from the first human isolate of bovine H5N1.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Dispersal, adaptation and persistence of H5N1 in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctica.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Increased contact transmission of contemporary Human H5N1 compared to Bovine and Mountain Lion H5N1 in a hamster model.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Inactivation of Avian Influenza Virus in Raw Milk Kefir.Food and environmental virology · 2026Article
- Advancing A(H5N1) influenza risk assessment in ferrets through comparative evaluation of airborne virus shedding patterns.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Polymerase mutations underlie early adaptation of H5N1 influenza virus to dairy cattle and other mammals.Nature communications · 2026Article
- H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1e lineage transition in Lao PDR during 2023-2024 associated with regional spread and human infection risk-associated receptor-binding features.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Resistance Mutations to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Destabilize Hemagglutinin and Attenuate H1N1 Influenza Virus.Viruses · 2025Article
- Influenza A Virus H5N1 Subtype: Resurgent Interspecies and Intercontinental Transmission, and a New Host.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The potential of H5N1 viruses to adapt to bovine cells varies throughout evolution.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Host switching mutations in H5N1 influenza hemagglutinin suppress site-specific activation dynamics.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Detection of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in a sheep in Great Britain, 2025.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Avian influenza overview September-November 2025.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- The hemagglutinin proteins of clades 1 and 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exhibit comparable attachment patterns to avian and mammalian tissues.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Host Switching Mutations in H5N1 Influenza Hemagglutinin Suppress Site-specific Activation Dynamics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has caused a panzootic affecting all continents except Australia, expanding its host range to several mammalian species. In March 2024, H5N1 HPAIV was first detected in dairy cattle and goats in the United States. Over 891 dairy farms across 16 states have tested positive until 25 December 2024, with zoonotic infections reported among dairy workers. This raises concerns about the virus undergoing evolutionary changes in cattle that could enhance its zoonotic potential. The Influenza glycoprotein haemagglutinin (HA) facilitates entry into host cells through receptor binding and pH-induced fusion with cellular membranes. Adaptive changes in HA modulate virus-host cell interactions. This study compared the HA genes of cattle and goat H5N1 viruses with the dominant avian-origin clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 in the United Kingdom, focusing on receptor binding, pH fusion, and thermostability. All the tested H5N1 viruses showed binding exclusively to avian-like receptors, with a pH fusion of 5.9, outside the pH range associated with efficient human airborne transmissibility (pH 5.0-5.5). We further investigated the impact of emerging HA substitutions seen in the ongoing cattle outbreaks, but saw little phenotypic difference, with continued exclusive binding to avian-like receptor analogues and pHs of fusion above 5.8. This suggests that the HA genes from the cattle and goat outbreaks do not pose an enhanced threat compared to circulating avian viruses. However, given the rapid evolution of H5 viruses, continuous monitoring and updated risk assessments remain essential to understanding virus zoonotic and pandemic risks.
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