ArticleOrthodontics & craniofacial research2025
The Reliability and Validity of Intraoral Photographs in Assessing Orthodontic Treatment Need.
Article in Orthodontics & craniofacial research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05038865 (Oral Health Related Quality of Life - The Effect of Malocclusions, Gender, Socioeconomic Differences and Orthodontic Treatment Among Adolescents), which is not on this map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Oral Health Related Quality of Life - The Effect of Malocclusions, Gender, Socioeconomic Differences and Orthodontic Treatment Among Adolescents
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Orthodontic treatment need assessment and treatment timing - a questionnaire survey among specialists in Denmark and Sweden.Acta odontologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- YOLO11-guided swin transformer for molar occlusion classification.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Diagnostic performance of a multimodal large language model in assessing the index of complexity, outcome, and need: comparison with orthodontist evaluation.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Quantitative evaluation of an artificial intelligence-driven remote monitoring system for occlusion assessment using patient-captured images.The Angle orthodontist · 2026Article
- Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN): Can large language models match the performance of orthodontists?Korean journal of orthodontics · 2026Article
- Malocclusion traits and oral health-related quality of life in adolescents: a multicenter cross-sectional study.European journal of orthodontics · 2026Article
- Analysis of predictive factors for post-orthodontic stability: a retrospective cohort study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Multi-Class Malocclusion Detection on Standardized Intraoral Photographs Using YOLOv11.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- AI for diagnosing malocclusions from 3D dental models.Bioinformation · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOrthodontic treatment need has commonly been assessed using treatment need indices during clinical examinations or using photographs in combination with plaster casts. Recently, the use of intraoral photographs alone to screen malocclusions has increased.
objectiveThis study aimed to validate intraoral photographs for the assessment of orthodontic treatment need. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe study sample consisted of case files from 30 pre-orthodontic patients aged 12-19 years. Each case file included intraoral photographs and casts. The cases were consecutively recruited from two orthodontic treatment waiting lists: 15 from the Department of Orthodontics at Folktandvården Eastmaninstitutet, Stockholm, Sweden and 15 from the Center for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Norrköping, Public Dental Service Östergötland. Their orthodontic treatment need was assessed by four raters (calibrated orthodontists) using the indices IOTN-AC, IOTN-DHC, ICON, and DAI. The four raters individually assessed the 30 cases on three occasions: (1) photos only, (2) photos and casts, and (3) photos only. Finally, the four raters jointly made a consensus assessment using both photos and casts. For IOTN-AC and IOTN-DHC, interrater agreement was assessed with Fleiss' kappa, and validity with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. For ICON and DAI, interrater agreement was assessed with Intra Class Correlation (ICC) (1, 2) and validity with a paired t-test.
resultsInterrater agreement for IOTN-AC was slight (0.14-0.18) and moderate for IOTN-DHC (0.51-0.57), regardless of whether photographs were used alone or combined with casts. ICON demonstrated moderate interrater agreement (0.57-0.72), while DAI showed moderate to excellent (0.70-0.91), similarly unaffected by the use of photographs alone or in combination with casts. The validity analysis, which compared the individual assessments to the consensus one, revealed equivalent differences whether the assessment involved intraoral photographs alone or in combination with casts.
conclusionIntraoral photographs are sufficient for assessing orthodontic treatment need because interrater agreement and validity are similar whether photos are used alone or with casts. However, interrater variability was substantial for both assessment methods.
trial registrationClinicalTrial.gov. identifier: NCT05038865.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.