The contribution of animal antibiotic use to antibiotic resistance in human infections: Panel evidence from Denmark.

Antibiotic use (ABU) in animals is postulated to be a major contributor to selection of antibiotic resistance (ABR) which subsequently causes infections in human populations. However, there are few quantifications of the size of this association. Denmark, as a country with high levels of pig production and strong ABR surveillance data, is an ideal case study for exploring this association. This study compiles a dataset on ABU across several animal species and antibiotic classes, and data on the rate of antibiotic resistance (ABR) in humans across key pathogens, in Denmark over time (2010-2020). Panel data regressions (fixed effects, random effects, first difference and pooled ordinary least squares) were used to test the association between the level of ABR in human isolates and the level of ABU in animals. A positive relationship was identified between ABR in humans and ABU in cattle, with some evidence of a positive relationship for poultry and companion animals, and a negative relationship for fish, although the latter is likely driven by confounding factors. When lagging ABU by one year, the effect of ABU in cattle and companion animals remained similar, the effect of ABU in poultry fell in size, and ABU in fish was no longer significant, perhaps due to differences in life cycle length among animal species. Additional covariates were explored, including pet populations, agricultural production and GDP per capita (at purchasing power parity), but these results were limited by the statistical power of the dataset. Under all models, animal ABU determined only a minority of the change in human ABR levels in this context with adjusted R