ArticleEpidemiology and infection2025
Trends in general practitioner consultations for hand foot and mouth disease in England between 2017 and 2022.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatiotemporal epidemiology and SARIMA-based forecasting of hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak clusters in Beijing, 2019-2024.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal dynamics and genotypic shift of Coxsackievirus A16 in Fujian, China, from 2010 to 2025.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Enteroviruses Activate Cellular Innate Immune Responses Prior to Adaptive Immunity and Tropism Contributes to Severe Viral Pathogenesis.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Yonder: Screening for atrial fibrillation, antibiotics in care homes, hand, foot, and mouth disease, and asthma triple therapy.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025Article
- Monitoring Public Health Through a Comprehensive Primary Care Database in the Netherlands: Overview of the Nivel Syndromic Surveillance System.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious communicable disease, with a high incidence in children aged under 10 years. It is a mainly self-limiting disease but can also cause serious neurological or cardiopulmonary complications in some cases, which can lead to death. Little is known about the burden of HMFD on primary care health care services in the UK. The aim of this work was to describe trends in general practitioner (GP) consultations for HFMD in England from January 2017 to December 2022 using a syndromic surveillance network of GPs. Daily GP consultations for HFMD in England were extracted from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2022. Mean weekly consultation rates per 100,000 population and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Consultation rates and rate ratios (RR) were calculated by age group and sex. During the study period, the mean weekly consultation rate for HFMD (per 100,000 registered GP patients) was 1.53 (range of 0.27 to 2.47). In England, children aged 1-4 years old accounted for the largest affected population followed by children <1 years old. We observed a seasonal pattern of HFMD incidence during the non-COVID years, with a seasonal peak of mean weekly rates between months of September and December. HFMD is typically diagnosed clinically rather than through laboratory sampling. Therefore, the ability to look at the daily HFMD consultation rates provides an excellent epidemiological overview on disease trends. The use of a novel GP-in-hours surveillance system allowed a unique epidemiological insight into the recent trends of general practitioner consultations for HFMD. We demonstrate a male predominance of cases, the impact of the non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a change in the week in which the peak number of cases happens post-pandemic.
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