ArticleScientific reports2025
Resurgence of common respiratory viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae after ending the zero-COVID policy in Shanghai.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Paediatric Healthcare Utilisation Trends From the Pre-Pandemic Period Through Two Years Post-COVID-19: Evidence From a Nationwide Big-Data Analysis.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Article
- Etiological characterization of acute respiratory tract infections and associated co-infections using Biofire respiratory 2.1 Plus panel.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory tract infection during and after the COVID-19 period in Ningbo, China: a retrospective single-center study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The prevalence and role of human respiratory syncytial virus in pediatric respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Emergence and Molecular Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus in Greece in the Post-COVID Era.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Post-Pandemic Return ofJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics and risk factors for severe community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children with human metapneumovirus infection in Shanghai: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Temporal association between influenza A and B positivity and fever-clinic visit burden in Shanghai, China, 2022-2025: a retrospective time-series study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Ecological reshaping of pediatric respiratory pathogen profiles after COVID-19-related non-pharmaceutical interventions were lifted: a 5-year interrupted time-series study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Epidemiology and lagged climatic drivers of pediatric viral lower respiratory tract infections in Tianjin, China (2023-2025).Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Lifestyle factors or protective behaviors: which are more strongly associated with upper respiratory tract infections after COVID-19? A cross-sectional study of 1,535 Chinese college students.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Analysis of the pathogen spectrum, co-infection characteristics, and risk of severe disease in community-acquired pneumonia among children in Henan province.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Epidemiological patterns and trends of respiratory syncytial virus in Guangdong Province, China, 2019-2023.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Analysis of the epidemic situation of respiratory pathogens in central and southern China before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Human metapneumovirus in children with acute lower respiratory infections: effects on clinical and disease severity.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- A comparison of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children and adults, during the post-COVID-19 pandemic era.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Article
- Epidemiological association of the COVID-19 pandemic onBMJ open · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics of single human rhinovirus infection and co-infection in the respiratory tract of children.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Asthma control after recovery from mild to moderate COVID-19: from Omicron BA.2 to XBB- from a cohort in a university hospital in Hong Kong.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- Seroepidemiological survey ofFrontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
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Abstract
China has adhered to policies of zero-COVID for almost three years since the outbreak of COVID-19, which has remarkably affected the circulation of respiratory pathogens. However, China has begun to end the zero-COVID policies in late 2022. Here, we reported a resurgence of common respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae with unique epidemiological characteristics among children after ending the zero-COVID policy in Shanghai, China, 2023. Children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infections were enrolled from January 2022 to December 2023. Nine common respiratory viruses and 2 atypical bacteria were detected in respiratory specimens from the enrolled patients using a multiplex PCR-based assay. The data were analyzed and compared between the periods before (2022) and after (2023) ending the zero-COVID policies. A total of 8550 patients were enrolled, including 6170 patients in 2023 and 2380 patients in 2022. Rhinovirus (14.2%) was the dominant pathogen in 2022, however, Mycoplasma pneumoniae (38.8%) was the dominant pathogen in 2023. Compared with 2022, the detection rates of pathogens were significantly increased in 2023 (72.9% vs. 41.8%, p < 0.001). An out-of-season epidemic of respiratory syncytial virus was observed during the spring and summer of 2023. The median age of children infected with respiratory viruses in 2023 was significantly greater than that in 2022. Besides, mixed infections were more frequent in 2023 (23.8% vs. 28.9%, p < 0.001). China is now facing multiple respiratory pathogen epidemics with changing seasonality, altered age distribution, and increasing mixed infection rates among children in 2023. Our finding highlights the need for public health interventions to prepare for the respiratory pathogen outbreaks in the post-COVID-19 era.
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