ArticleTravel medicine and infectious disease
Costs of typhoid vaccination for international travelers from the United States.
Article in Travel medicine and infectious disease. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In the United States, typhoid vaccination is recommended for international travelers to areas with a recognized risk of typhoid exposure. Using MarketScan® Commercial Database from 2016 through 2022, we estimated typhoid vaccination costs by route (injectable vs. oral) and provider setting (clinic vs. pharmacy). Of 165,930 vaccinated individuals, 99,471 received injectable and 66,459 received oral typhoid vaccines, with 88 % and 17 % respectively administered at clinics. Average costs for injectable vaccination were $132.91 per person [95 % confidence interval (CI): $132.68-$133.13], with clinic and pharmacy costs at $136.38 [95 % CI: $136.14-$136.63] and $107.45 [95 % CI: $107.13-$107.77], respectively. Oral vaccination costs averaged $81.23 per person [95 % CI: $81.14-$81.33], encompassing $86.61 [95 % CI: $86.13-$87.10] at clinics and $80.14 [95 % CI: $80.09-$80.19] at pharmacies. Out-of-pocket costs comprised 21 % and 33 % of total costs for injectable and oral vaccinations. These findings may inform clinical decision-making to protect international travelers' health.
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