Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39799314›Full record

ArticleBMC medical education2025

Evaluation of an interprofessional education program involving medical and pharmacy students: a mixed-method study.

Josephine F Mertens, Marleen H M Hessel, Thomas G H Kempen, Stefan Böhringer, Adriaan F Norbart, Chris W Walinga, Teun van Gelder

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC medical education, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Josephine F MertensDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands. j.f.mertens@lumc.nl.
Marleen H M HesselDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
Thomas G H KempenDivision of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Stefan BöhringerDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
Adriaan F NorbartCenter for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Chris W WalingaDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Teun van GelderDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEffective pharmacotherapy requires strong collaboration between physicians and pharmacists, highlighting the need for interprofessional education (IPE) in university curricula. This study evaluated the impact of an IPE program on medical and pharmacy students, focusing on their perceived development of interprofessional collaborative competencies, perceived learning outcomes, and clinical collaboration perceptions.

methodsA mixed-method approach was employed to evaluate an IPE program that consisted of three mandatory activities with increased complexity and autonomy, that were integrated into the medical and pharmacy students' curricula. From September 2022 to June 2023, using a retrospective pre-post approach, students rated their competence levels after an educational activity using the Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Scale (ICCAS). The participants also answered open-ended survey questions about their learning outcomes. Medical students participated in both uniprofessional education (UPE) and IPE, while pharmacy students participated exclusively in IPE. Effect sizes for competency development were estimated, and subgroup analyses were performed to examine the impact of multiple IPE activities. Semi-structured interviews provided additional qualitative insights, which were analyzed using thematic analysis.

resultsOf the 309 surveys completed (response rate 64%, with 274 medical and 35 pharmacy students), all 21 ICCAS items showed statistically significant improvement in both UPE (n = 127) and IPE (n = 182) (p < 0.05). While effect sizes for UPE were small across all items, IPE had medium effect sizes for six items and large effect sizes for two items. Overall, students rated themselves as more capable of interprofessional collaboration after IPE, with 55% (n = 124) reporting feeling 'somewhat better' and 6% (n = 14) feeling 'much better,' compared to 16% (n = 12) and 0%, respectively, after UPE. Competency development seems to improve slightly with an increased number of IPE activities. Pharmacy students reported somewhat higher post-activity scores than medical students did. Qualitative data from open-ended survey responses and interviews with six medical students and four pharmacy students highlighted a deeper understanding of professional roles and a greater appreciation for collaborative work through this program.

conclusionsThis IPE program focused on pharmacotherapy improved self-perceived interprofessional collaborative competencies among medical and pharmacy students. Through multiple interprofessional activities, students can develop a deeper understanding of professional roles and improve collaborative skills.

Indexed as

Education, PharmacyInterprofessional EducationInterprofessional RelationsStudents, MedicalStudents, PharmacyAdultClinical CompetenceCooperative BehaviorCurriculumFemaleHumansMaleProgram EvaluationRetrospective StudiesSurveys and QuestionnairesCompetence developmentInterprofessional educationMedicinePharmacyUndergraduate

Identifiers

PMID39799314
PMCPMC11724502

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.