Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39799151›Full record

Trial reportScientific reports2025

A pilot study on the effects of olfactory stimulation with white musk aromatic oil on psychophysiological activity: a crossover study.

Fadilla Zennifa, Taisuke Nakashima, Yanli Xu, Saki Koshio, Erika Tomimatsu, Akiko Isa, Katsuya Satake, Fumi Kishida, Kuniyoshi Shimizu

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Smelling Wellness: Associations Between Botanic Garden Scentscapes and Human Health Gains.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026
    Trial
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Fadilla Zennifa *Department of Agro‑Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi‑ku, Fukuoka, 8190395, Japan.
Taisuke Nakashima *Department of Agro‑Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi‑ku, Fukuoka, 8190395, Japan.
Yanli Xu *Department of Agro‑Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi‑ku, Fukuoka, 8190395, Japan.
Saki KoshioDepartment of Agro‑Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi‑ku, Fukuoka, 8190395, Japan.
Erika TomimatsuDepartment of Agro‑Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi‑ku, Fukuoka, 8190395, Japan.
Akiko IsaDepartment of Agro‑Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi‑ku, Fukuoka, 8190395, Japan.
Katsuya SatakeNextday Co., Ltd, 29-36 Sakuragaoka-cho, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-0031, Japan.
Fumi KishidaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Junshin Gakuen University, 1-1-1 Chikushigaoka, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8510, Japan.
Kuniyoshi ShimizuDepartment of Agro‑Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi‑ku, Fukuoka, 8190395, Japan. shimizu.kuniyoshi.381@m.kyushu-u.ac.jp.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Studies on the compounds of aromatic oils and their effects on psychophysiological changes in humans are often conducted separately. To obtain better validation, a suitable protocol is needed that can be extrapolated to large-scale olfactory stimulation experiments. Unfortunately, this type of study is still rarely performed. In this situation, we propose a randomized crossover pilot study on olfactory stimulation with aromatic oils in relation to changes in psychophysiological activity by focusing on white musk aromatic oil due to its popularity in the community. Chemical profiling by TDU-GC-MS (thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) was performed to understand the compounds of the aromatic oils presented. To understand the changes in the participants' impressions and mood states, POMS 2 (Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition) and VAS (Visual analogue scale) were performed in addition to physiological evaluation by using EEG (electroencephalogram), ECG (electrocardiogram) and salivary amylase measurements. The proposed pilot study showed "gorgeous", "sweet", and "like" impression toward white musk aromatic oil under VAS evaluation. Mood evaluation under POMS 2 variables such as Fatigue-Inertia (FI), Tension-anxiety (TA) and TMD (total mood disturbance) were significantly decreased under white musk aromatic oil inhalation. Under current protocol, we can also see the changes in autonomic activity and brain activity during olfactory stimulation. This pilot study could be the first step towards a larger sample size experiment on olfactory stimulation. This experiment has been registered to UMIN Clinical Trials Registry with register ID : UMIN000051972 on 24/08/2023.

Indexed as

SmellAdultAffectAromatherapyCross-Over StudiesElectroencephalographyFatty Acids, MonounsaturatedFemaleGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryHumansMaleOdorantsPilot ProjectsYoung AdultFatty Acids, MonounsaturatedmuskAromatic oilElectrocardiogram (ECG)ElectroencephalogramGC-MSPsychophysiologyWhite musk

Identifiers

PMID39799151
PMCPMC11724847

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.