Trial reportResearch in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP2025
Evaluating the sustained effectiveness of a novel pharmacy-based intervention to reduce older adult misuse of over-the-counter medications: A case for non-significance.
Trial report in Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Photo coding: a pragmatic approach to measuring intervention fidelity in a pharmacy system re-design.Implementation science communications · 2025Article
- "But Will It Last?": Examining How Pharmacy Staff Perceptions Influence Beliefs About the Sustainability of a Pharmacy-Based Intervention Targeting Older Adult Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medication Misuse.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionMisuse of over-the-counter (OTC) medications by older adults (age 65+) can comprise Drug-Age, Drug-Drug, Drug-Disease, and Drug-Label types. Pharmacies in the United States are prevalent sources of OTCs and are an apt setting to address OTC misuse. Senior Safe™ is a pharmacy-system redesign for preventing older adult OTC misuse. The redesign uses signage to designate high-risk OTCs and safer products for older adult use, as well as prompting older adults to engage with pharmacy staff around medication safety issue.
objectivesThis study compared misuse in pharmacies with initial Senior Safe implementation (Immediate Effects group) to pharmacies with Senior Safe after 3 months (Sustained Effects group).
methodsA non-equivalent group design, involving older adults recruited from matched and randomly-allocated pharmacy sites within a health system, compared the Immediate Effects (n = 83) and Sustained Effects (n = 65) groups. All participants were recruited outside the pharmacy and were given hypothetical symptom scenarios from which to choose (i.e., cough/cold/allergy, pain, or sleep). Participants were then asked to select an OTC to treat that symptom, and explain their OTC use at symptom onset and if symptoms persisted/worsened. Participants' reported OTC use was evaluated for each misuse type. Multivariate modeling estimated differences in misuse between the Immediate and Sustained Effects groups.
resultsNo significant differences emerged between Immediate and Sustained Effect groups for any misuse type for which statistical modeling was conducted. Drug-Age misuse was statistically less likely for sleep products (OR = 0.170, p = .005) and for adults aged 85+ when compared to the 65-74 and 75-84 age categories (OR = 3.979, p = .053; OR = 6.900, p = .031, respectively).
conclusionsThese non-significant results suggest that the intervention effect was maintained at three months. Overall, then, misuse reductions occurring immediately after intervention implementation did not significantly increase after three months. System buy-in, including assessing costs to implement and maintain Senior Safe, is critical to promote broader adoption.
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