SynthesisJournal of ultrasound2025
Effectiveness of prenatal ultrasound in fetal sex identification: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of ultrasound, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Morphology of the Genital Tubercle: A Macroscopic Assessment and Ultrasound Approach on Early Fetal Sex Determination.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the accuracy and success rate of ultrasound in determining fetal sex. A search was conducted on Medline, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases, and the reference lists of selected studies were also reviewed. Meta-analyses were performed using Revman 5.4.1 and Meta-DiSc 2.0. Twenty-eight studies met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Nine studies reported the accuracy rate of first-trimester fetal sex identification, with a mean accuracy of 85% and a median of 87%. Six studies provided accuracy rates for second and third-trimester identifications, with mean and median rates of 92% and 99%, respectively. A pooled sensitivity and specificity analysis shows that the sensitivity increased from 69% at 11 weeks to 89% at 12 weeks to 96% at 13 weeks. Forest plots on the success rates indicated no significant statistical differences between first-trimester ultrasound sex determination and actual birth sex, with p values of 0.06 for males and 0.08 for females. Similarly, second and third-trimester forest plots showed p values of 0.70 for males and 0.14 for females. In conclusion, ultrasound accuracy for fetal sex determination rises from 87% in first to 99% in second trimesters. The success rate shows no significant difference for either trimester. However, male sex is more easily detected in the second and third trimesters, while female sex is more easily detected in the first trimester. The sensitivity of fetal sex detection in the first trimester increases with gestational age. These findings suggest that prenatal ultrasound sex determination can be useful in managing sex-related pregnancy complications.
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Registered trials
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