ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2025
Variability in Vaccine Response and Trajectory in Early Childhood and Association With Demographic Variables, Antibiotic Exposure, and Infection Proneness.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impact of Early-Life Antibiotic Exposure on Gut Microbiome and Vaccine Immunogenicity in Infants: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Pregnancy exposure to individual phthalate concentrations and their mixtures in relation to pediatric serum antibody response.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe sought to explore the variability of antibody responses to multiple vaccines during early life in individual children, assess the trajectory of each child longitudinally, determine the associations of demographic variables and antibiotic exposures with vaccine-induced immunity, and link vaccine responsiveness to infection proneness.
methodsIn 357 prospectively recruited children, aged 6-36 months, antibody levels to 13 routine vaccine antigens were measured in sera at multiple time points and normalized to their respective protective thresholds to categorize children into 4 groups: very low, low, normal, and high vaccine responders. Demographic variables and frequency of antibiotic exposure data were collected. Participants were followed to determine change in vaccine groups over time and occurrences of infections.
resultsVaccine-induced antibody levels persisted over time as very low, low, normal, or high in individual children and changed post-primary through post-booster immunizations against multiple antigen types, including toxoids, purified proteins, polysaccharide-protein conjugates, recombinant proteins, and inactivated viruses. Factors influencing persistence or change in vaccine response group were assessed. Children who did not attend daycare and African American/multiracial children had higher vaccine-induced antibody levels than White children. Children with lower vaccine-induced antibody levels had more frequent antibiotic exposures. Low vaccine responsiveness was linked to more frequent antibiotic-treated bacterial infections.
conclusionsWhen vaccine-induced antibody levels are used to define vaccine response groups, individual children may persist or change groups over time, which is associated with demographic variables and influenced by antibiotic exposures. Lower vaccine responsiveness can be linked to more frequent antibiotic-treated bacterial infections.
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