ArticleMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2024
Inosine Prevents Colorectal Cancer Progression by Inducing M1 Phenotypic Polarization of Macrophages.
Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- The cGAS-STING pathway: mechanistic basis, dual biological functions and translational therapeutic advances.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- From Gut Homeostasis to Colorectal Cancer: Spatial and Temporal Reprogramming of Microbial Inosine Signaling.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Recent Advances in Development of Small Molecules to Fight Cancer-Second Edition.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- cGAS-STING Pathway in Gastrointestinal Malignancies: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Therapeutic Opportunities.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2026Review
- Inosine alleviates colorectal cancer liver metastasis by promoting M1 macrophage polarization and modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota-derived metabolites in immunomodulation and gastrointestinal cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Microbial metabolite-driven immune reprogramming in tumor immunotherapy: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Inosine (IS) is a naturally occurring metabolite of adenosine with potent immunomodulatory effects. This study investigates the immunomodulatory effects of inosine, particularly its ability to inhibit the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells CT26 through modulation of macrophage phenotypes. Aside from the already reported effects of inosine on T cells, in this study, in vitro experiments revealed that inosine could modulate macrophage phenotype. The effects of inosine on the M1/M2 macrophage polarization were investigated at the cellular level. Its role in regulating CRC proliferation and migration was further examined. In addition, a CT26 tumor mouse model was established to assess the mechanism of action of inosine by tumor weight measurement, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Inosine significantly increased M1 macrophage markers CD86 and iNOS and enhanced the anti-tumor activity of M1 macrophages, effectively inhibiting CRC progression and metastasis potential. In vivo, inosine had significant tumor inhibitory activity. It also significantly reduced the expression of Ki-67 and promoted the polarization of M1 macrophages.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.