ArticleJournal of hematology & oncology2025
Global status and attributable risk factors of breast, cervical, ovarian, and uterine cancers from 1990 to 2021.
Article in Journal of hematology & oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 136 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
136 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Association between SGLT2 inhibitors and genital cancer: a meta-analysis and mendelian randomization study.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Pooled it
- Astragalus polysaccharides combined with radiochemotherapy for cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Character strengths, psychological distress, anxiety, and depression in adolescents and young adults with gynecologic cancer: A network analysis.Asia-Pacific journal of oncology nursing · 2026Article
- Burden of cancer in China from 1990 to 2023 and projections to 2050.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Worldwide changes in the burden of deciduous and permanent tooth caries and periodontal disease in children and adolescents aged 0-19 years from 1990 to 2021.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- CHST1 Drives Immunotherapy Resistance in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Orchestrating an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment via the NKRF-CCL20-Macrophage Axis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- The Choice Between Definitive Radiotherapy and Surgery for Cervical Cancer With Different Histology in Current Clinical Practice.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Deep learning reconstruction versus conventional parallel imaging for sagittal T2-weighted MRI in cervical cancer: a comparison of acceleration factors.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2026Article
- Personalizing Liposomal Paclitaxel in Platinum-Based Combination Therapy for Gynecologic Cancers: Defining a Therapeutic Window Based on TcEuropean journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2026Article
- Deubiquitinating enzymes in cervical cancer: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review).International journal of oncology · 2026Review
- Global burden trends and menopause timing associations for gynecological and breast cancers in postmenopausal women.iScience · 2026Article
- WT1-AS acts as a tumor suppressor in cervical cancer via OSR2-mediated transcriptional activation.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Downregulated m⁵C regulator NSUN6 enhances proliferation, migration and affects immune regulation in ovarian cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Role of Mesothelin in Gynecological Tumors and Its Significance in Targeted Therapies-A Review.Cancers · 2026Review
- Review
- Efficacy and Safety of Shen-Ling-Lian-Xia Granule Combined With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Protocol for a Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Clinical Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Breast cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms of immune evasion, biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- DPP-4 Inhibitors in Female Cancers: Opportunities for Drug Repurposing.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Combining circulating tumor cell and circulating cell-free DNA analyses broadens clinical applicability of liquid biopsy in high grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Article
- NK Cell Activation by Platinum Boosts Immunotherapy in HRAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFemale-specific cancers, particularly breast, cervical, ovarian, and uterine cancers, account for nearly 40% of all cancers in women. This study aimed to analyze the global epidemiological trends of these cancers from 1990 to 2021, offering insights into their evolving patterns and providing valuable information for health policymakers to allocate healthcare resources more effectively.
methodsData from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) were used to comprehensively assess the global incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of female-specific cancers. Age-standardized rates facilitated cross-regional comparisons, accounting for differences in population size and demographics. The socio-demographic index (SDI) was employed to categorize regions and evaluate correlations between cancer burden and economic level. In addition, risk factors attributable to female-specific cancer deaths and DALYs were assessed based on the comparative risk assessment model of the GBD project.
resultsFrom 1990 to 2021, the global burden of female-specific cancers increased at varying rates. In 2021, breast cancer accounted for 2.08 million incident cases, 0.66 million deaths, and 20.25 million DALYs globally. In comparison, cervical, ovarian, and uterine cancers had lower burdens, with 0.67 million, 0.30 million, and 0.47 million incident cases, respectively. Age-standardized rates of breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers showed positive correlations with SDI, while cervical cancer exhibited a negative correlation. Attributable risk factors for breast cancer-associated deaths in 2021 included dietary risks, high body-mass index (BMI), high fasting plasma glucose, alcohol use, tobacco use, and low physical activity. Additional risk factors were unsafe sex and tobacco use for cervical cancer, high BMI and occupational risks for ovarian cancer, and high BMI for uterine cancer.
conclusionsThe burden of female-specific cancers has increased in recent decades, with significant demographic and regional discrepancies. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted public health interventions to mitigate the global impact of these cancers.
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