ReviewEuropean thyroid journal2025
Best practices in the management of thyroid dysfunction induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Review in European thyroid journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mechanistic and Clinical Perspectives on Traditional Chinese Medicine in Thyroid Cancer Management.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Baseline TSH within reference range and incident thyroid dysfunction in cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2026Article
- Iodine and Its Impact on the Immune System of Humans and Domesticated Mammals: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Endocrine dysfunction induced by anti-PD-1 antibody and tyrosine kinase inhibitor in a pediatric patient with renal cell carcinoma.Clinical pediatric endocrinology : case reports and clinical investigations : official journal of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology · 2026Article
- Approach to thyroid disorders associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.Internal medicine journal · 2026Review
- Endocrinologist-Led Management of Endocrine Immune-Related Adverse Events: Real-World Evidence Supporting the Japan Endocrine Society Guidelines.Cancer medicine · 2026Observational
- Rhabdomyolysis in a patient with lung cancer with sintilimab-induced overlap syndrome and hypothyroidism: A case report.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Article
- Across the Social Network of the Gut: Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral Determinants of Checkpoint Inhibitor Efficacy and Toxicity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in bladder cancer: from mechanistic insights to emerging combination frontlines.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Immune-Related Thyroid Dysfunction in PD-L1 High Non-Oncogene-Addicted NSCLC Treated with First-Line Pembrolizumab: Incidence, Timing, and Predictive Impact.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Characteristics and risk factors of immune-related adverse events in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor combination therapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Drug-induced adverse events in modern pharmacotherapy: mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and implications for risk assessment and management.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Impact of dermatology targeted immunotherapies on autoimmune thyroid diseases: cytokine-network crosstalk and thyroid safety.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Efficacy and safety of chemotherapy plus immunotherapy in unresectable stage III-IV non-small cell lung cancer, with analysis of the additional role of anti-angiogenic agents.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related endocrinopathies: from immune crosstalk to predictive biomarkers and precision management.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Predictive value of pre-existing thyroid autoantibodies for PD-1 inhibitor-induced hypothyroidism: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Beyond Tumor Immunity: The Disruption of Endocrine and Infectious Homeostasis by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Disproportionality analysis and risk factor assessment of drug-associated thyroid dysfunction adverse events: a study based on the FAERS database.Endocrine connections · 2025Article
- Fractures Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Disproportionality Analysis of the World Health Organization Pharmacovigilance Database.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) frequently cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs), with thyroid irAEs being the most common endocrine-related irAEs. The incidence of overt thyroid irAEs was in the range of 8.9-22.2% in real-world settings, typically triggered by antibodies against PD-1 and PD-L1 and rarely by anti-CTLA-4 antibodies alone. The representative clinical course involves biphasic changes in thyroid function: transient thyrotoxicosis and subsequent persistent hypothyroidism. The identified risk factors for thyroid irAEs include the presence of thyroid autoantibodies, thyroid uptake on 18F-FDG-PET, prior use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), high BMI and high thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. There is evidence that overt thyroid irAEs are associated with good prognosis, at least in non-small cell lung cancer. Although the clinical features have been well clarified, the management strategies require further refinement. Routine monitoring of thyroid function every 4-6 weeks during ICI therapy is recommended for early detection of thyroid irAEs. While thyrotoxicosis generally requires observation only, hypothyroidism should be promptly treated with levothyroxine replacement. Continuation of ICI therapy is typically feasible in patients with thyroid irAEs, provided their overall health remains stable. However, these strategies were largely based on clinical experience with monotherapy. As combination ICI therapies have been developed as first-line treatments, antitumor agents may modify the clinical features of thyroid irAEs. For example, cytotoxic agents can delay the onset of thyroid irAEs, while TKIs are often linked to early-onset hypothyroidism, independent of ICI use. Given the increasing diversity and complexity of cancer immunotherapy, it is essential to vigilantly screen for thyroid irAEs.
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