Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39789033›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Socioeconomic status correlates with COVID-19 vaccination coverage among primary and secondary students in the most populated city of Chile.

Enzo Guerrero-Araya, Cesar Ravello, Mario Rosemblatt, Tomas Perez-Acle

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Enzo Guerrero-ArayaFundación Ciencia & Vida, Avenida del Valle Norte 725, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.
Cesar RavelloFundación Ciencia & Vida, Avenida del Valle Norte 725, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.
Mario RosemblattFundación Ciencia & Vida, Avenida del Valle Norte 725, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.
Tomas Perez-AcleFundación Ciencia & Vida, Avenida del Valle Norte 725, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile. tperezacle@cienciavida.org.

Funding

Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo FB210008Air Force Office of Scientific Research FA9550-20-1-0196
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The burden of COVID-19 was heterogeneous, indicating that the effects of this disease are synergistic with both other non-communicable diseases and socioeconomic status (SES), highlighting its syndemic character. While the appearance of vaccines moderated the pandemic effects, their coverage was heterogeneous too, both when comparing different countries, and when comparing different populations within countries. Of note, once again SES appears to be a correlated factor. We analyzed publicly available data detailing the percentage of school-aged, vaccinated children in different municipalities belonging to the Metropolitan Area (MA) of Santiago, Chile. Vaccination data was compiled per school type, either public, state-subsidized, or private, at three different dates during the COVID-19 pandemic to cover the dispersion of Delta, Omicron, and its subvariants BA.4 and BA.5. We computed the median vaccination ratio for each municipality and school type and calculated their Spearman's rank correlation coefficient with each one of nine SES indices. The percentage of school-age children who received vaccinations against COVID-19 correlates with SES. This strong correlation is observed in public and state-subsidized schools, but not in private schools. Although inequity in vaccination coverage decreased over time, it remained higher among students enrolled either in public or state-subsidized schools compared to those of private schools. Although available data was insufficient to explore plausible causes behind lower vaccination coverage, it is likely that a combination of factors including the lack of proper information about the importance of vaccination, the lack of incentives for children's vaccination, low trust in the government, and limited access to vaccines for lower-income people, may all have contributed. These findings raise the need to design better strategies to overcome shortcomings in vaccination campaigns to confront future pandemics.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesSocial ClassStudentsVaccination CoverageAdolescentChildChileFemaleHumansMalePandemicsSARS-CoV-2SchoolsVaccinationCOVID-19 VaccinesChildren vaccinationCOVID-19InequalityVaccination

Identifiers

PMID39789033
PMCPMC11718089

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.