Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39788302›Full record

ArticleJournal of pain and symptom management2025

Preparing Surrogates for Decision-Making: Development and Pilot Testing of Prepare for Their Care.

Lingsheng Li, Brookelle H Li, Clarissa Ferguson, Jana Powell, Aiesha M Volow, Jasmine Santoyo-Olsson, Heather A Harris, Anne Kinderman, Patricia Levenberg, Judy Long and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of pain and symptom management, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Lingsheng LiDivision of Geriatrics (L.L., B.H.L., C.F., J.P., J.S.O., P.L., A.S., D.E.B., R.L.S.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. Electronic address: Lingsheng.li@ucsf.edu.
Brookelle H LiDivision of Geriatrics (L.L., B.H.L., C.F., J.P., J.S.O., P.L., A.S., D.E.B., R.L.S.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Clarissa FergusonDivision of Geriatrics (L.L., B.H.L., C.F., J.P., J.S.O., P.L., A.S., D.E.B., R.L.S.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Jana PowellDivision of Geriatrics (L.L., B.H.L., C.F., J.P., J.S.O., P.L., A.S., D.E.B., R.L.S.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Aiesha M VolowDivision of Geriatrics (L.L., B.H.L., C.F., J.P., J.S.O., P.L., A.S., D.E.B., R.L.S.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Jasmine Santoyo-OlssonDivision of Geriatrics (L.L., B.H.L., C.F., J.P., J.S.O., P.L., A.S., D.E.B., R.L.S.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Heather A HarrisDivision of Palliative Care (H.A.H.), Department of Medicine, Alameda Health System, Alameda, California, USA.
Anne KindermanDivision of Palliative Medicine (A.K., J.L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Patricia LevenbergDivision of Geriatrics (L.L., B.H.L., C.F., J.P., J.S.O., P.L., A.S., D.E.B., R.L.S.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Judy LongDivision of Palliative Medicine (A.K., J.L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Alexander SmithDivision of Geriatrics (L.L., B.H.L., C.F., J.P., J.S.O., P.L., A.S., D.E.B., R.L.S.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System (A.S., R.L.S.), San Francisco, California, USA.
Alexia M TorkeDivision of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics (A.M.T.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Deborah E BarnesDivision of Geriatrics (L.L., B.H.L., C.F., J.P., J.S.O., P.L., A.S., D.E.B., R.L.S.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (D.E.B.), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics (D.E.B.), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Rebecca L SudoreDivision of Geriatrics (L.L., B.H.L., C.F., J.P., J.S.O., P.L., A.S., D.E.B., R.L.S.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System (A.S., R.L.S.), San Francisco, California, USA.

Funding

VARC CoreP30AG044281 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Alexander Keliimoeanu Smith · 2013 to 2026
$19.9M
RESEARCH TRAINING IN GERIATRIC MEDICINET32AG000212 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Alexander Keliimoeanu Smith · 1991 to 2026
$7.7M
Understanding the needs and experiences of surrogate decision makers caring for SGM individuals with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias.K24AG053794 · NIA · OREGON HEALTH & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY · PI TORKE, ALEXIA MARY · 2016 to 2025
$1.8M
Mentoring Researchers in Advance Care Planning for Underrepresented Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias and Their CaregiversK24AG054415 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI REBECCA L SUDORE · 2017 to 2026
$1.7M
Mentoring Researchers in Prognosis Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related DementiasK24AG068312 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Alexander Keliimoeanu Smith · 2020 to 2026
$1.2M
NIA NIH HHS K24 AG053794NIA NIH HHS K24 AG054415NIA NIH HHS K24 AG068312NIA NIH HHS P30 AG044281NIA NIH HHS T32 AG000212
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

contextSurrogate decision-makers have expressed the need for better preparation around communication and medical decision-making.

objectivesThis mixed-methods feasibility study aimed to assess the feasibility and usability of an online program to prepare surrogates for their role.

methodsWe developed a 2-part program for surrogates called PREPARE For THEIR Care with a diverse group of Community Advisory Board members and caregivers recruited from the National Patient Advocacy Foundation. We conducted pilot testing of the program with caregivers. Using validated surveys, we assessed the feasibility and usability of the program and measured pre-to-post Advance Care Planning (ACP) Engagement among caregiver participants.

resultsOf the 26 pilot participants, mean age was 52 ± 12.7 years; 27% were men, 4% were nonbinary, 27% identified as Asian, 27% Black, 11% Multi-Racial, and 35% White. Participants found the program to be informative, comprehensive, and easy to use. Ease-of-use was rated 9.6 ± 0.92 on a 10-point scale; and, on 5-point scales, comfort using the program was rated 4.8 ± 0.51, helpfulness 4.6 ± 0.65, and likelihood to recommend to others 4.7 ± 0.53. There was improvement comparing pre- and postsurveys in readiness to engage in ACP for others (4.23 ± 0.67) to 4.47 ± 0.73), P = 0.04) and for self (3.55 ± 1.36) to (3.89 ± 1.06), P = 0.02).

conclusionIn this pilot study, the prepare for their care program resulted in high user satisfaction and improved pre-to-post surrogate readiness to engage in ACP. Larger trials are needed to evaluate the impact of the program on surrogate readiness and confidence.

Indexed as

Advance Care PlanningCaregiversDecision MakingProxyAdultAgedFeasibility StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPilot ProjectsSurveys and Questionnairesadvance care planningcare planning continuumSurrogate decision makersurrogate preparation

Identifiers

PMID39788302
PMCPMC11867833

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.