Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39786681›Full record

ArticleChild psychiatry and human development2026

Expert Rater Agreement for Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder in Youth.

Jarrod M Leffler, Daniel Azzopardi, Peter S Jensen, Paul E Croarkin, Kathryn R Cullen, Anne Duffy, Bonnie Klimes-Dougan, Robert M Post, Jennifer L Vande Voort, Karen Dineen Wagner and 2 more

Abstract read
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Article in Child psychiatry and human development, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Jarrod M LefflerVirginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
Daniel AzzopardiSUNY Downstate/Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Peter S JensenThe REACH Institute, New York, NY, USA.
Paul E CroarkinMayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Kathryn R CullenUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Anne DuffyQueen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
Bonnie Klimes-DouganUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Robert M PostGeorge Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Jennifer L Vande VoortMayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Karen Dineen WagnerThe University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
Dwight V WolfThe University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
Cathryn A GalanterDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, USA. Cathryn.Galanter@stonybrookmedicine.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) in young children has been a topic of debate, in part owing to varied interpretation of manic-like symptoms. We examined how expert academic clinicians participating in the pediatric bipolar biobank varied in their interpretation and application of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria and diagnoses. Study co-investigators reviewed 12 standardized narratives and for each marked a visual analog scale with their confidence in the presence of manic episodes and criteria. We analyzed raters' confidence and inter-rater agreement using interclass correlation (ICC). Symptoms with good ICC ranging from 0.60 to 0.74 included inflated self-esteem/grandiosity and decreased need for sleep. Diagnoses and episodes with poor ICCs (< 0.4) included Hypomania and Bipolar Not Elsewhere Classified/Not Otherwise Specified. Despite efforts made to refine BD criteria with DSM-5, there was substantive variation in diagnostic interpretation among investigators working with children presenting with manic-like symptoms.

Indexed as

Bipolar DisorderAdolescentChildDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersFemaleHumansMaleManiaObserver VariationPsychiatric Status Rating ScalesBipolarCriteriaDiagnosisDSM-5ExpertKSADSRating scale

Identifiers

PMID39786681

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.