ReviewFluids and barriers of the CNS2025
Breaking boundaries: role of the brain barriers in metastatic process.
Review in Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Special Issue "Protein Methyltransferases in Human Health and Diseases".International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Durable Intracranial Control Beyond Five Years in EGFR Wild-Type Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Sequential Brain Metastases Managed with Multimodal Therapy: A Case Report.Reports (MDPI) · 2026Article
- Unusual CNS relapse of plasma cell leukemia manifesting as multiple extra-axial brain lesions: A case report with literature review.Radiology case reports · 2026Article
- S100A14 in Tumor-Derived EVs Targets PIAS3 to Reprogram Astrocytes and Induce Immunosuppressive Microenvironment Promoting Brain Metastasis and Germacrone Reversal Effect.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Future directions in the treatment of brain metastases: evaluating the role of cellular players in the tumour microenvironment.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Review
- Protocol for generation of brain metastasis mouse model using stereotactic intracranial tumor-derived cells and modified intracarotid injection.STAR protocols · 2026Article
- From Cerebrovascular Injury to Brain Cancer: The Role of Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Neuro-Immune Crosstalk: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Functions, Diseases, and Therapeutic Targets.MedComm · 2026Review
- Nanotechnology-Enabled Precision Therapy for Lung Cancer in Never-Smokers.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Astrocytes and Microglia Regulate Opioid Receptor-Driven Cancer Brain Metastasis and Neural Injury: Remodeling the Brain Microenvironment.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Epigenomic and Metabolic Interplay in the Development of Metastatic Brain Tumors.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after spinal cord injury: a time-dependent mechanistic review.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic system imbalance: a peripheral-to-central inflammatory bridge in perioperative neurocognitive disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Extracellular RNAs as Messengers and Early Biomarkers in Neurodegeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Prognostic Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Clinical Management of Brain Metastases (BMs).Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Brain Metastases From Solid Cancers in 58 Dogs.Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- B cell immunity and therapeutic opportunities in brain metastases.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common intracranial tumors in adults and occur 3-10 times more frequently than primary brain tumors. Despite intensive multimodal therapies, including resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, BMs are associated with poor prognosis and remain challenging to treat. BMs predominantly originate from primary lung (20-56%), breast (5-20%), and melanoma (7-16%) tumors, although they can arise from other cancer types less frequently. The metastatic cascade is a multistep process involving local invasion, intravasation into the bloodstream or lymphatic system, extravasation into normal tissue, and colonization of the distal site. After reaching the brain, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) breach the blood-brain barrier (BBB).The selective permeability of the BBB poses a significant challenge for therapeutic compounds, limiting the treatment efficacy of BMs. Understanding the mechanisms of tumor cell interactions with the BBB is crucial for the development of effective treatments. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the brain barriers, including the BBB, blood-spinal cord barrier, blood-meningeal barrier, blood-arachnoid barrier, and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. It explores the molecular and cellular components of these barriers and their roles in brain metastasis, highlighting the importance of this knowledge for identifying druggable targets to prevent or limit BM formation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.