ArticleDigestive diseases and sciences2025
Exploration of Cytokines and Microbiome Among Males and Females with Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
Article in Digestive diseases and sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Roadmap for Advancing Women's Health in Disorders of the Gut-Brain Interaction.United European gastroenterology journal · 2026Review
- Serum FGL2 is correlated with the severity and psychological status of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Multi-omics analysis reveal clinical-gut-brain interactions in female ibs patients with adverse childhood experiences.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhether pathophysiological factors differ between males and females with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea (IBS-D) remains to be tested. To better understand potential sex differences, males with IBS-D were compared to naturally cycling females and to females with IBS-D taking hormonal contraception on plasma levels of cytokines and gut microbiome characteristics.
methodsMales and females with Rome III IBS-D completed questionnaires and kept a daily symptom diary for 28 days. Blood and stool samples were collected between days 3 and 8 of the daily diary (estrogen-dominant days in naturally cycling females). Blood samples were analyzed for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated and unstimulated cytokine levels. Stool samples were analyzed for microbiota signatures using 16S rRNA sequencing.
resultsForty-seven participants with IBS-D (13 males, 22 naturally cycling females, 12 females with hormonal contraception use) ages 18 to 50 years were studied. Males had similar unstimulated IL10, IL12P40, IL12P70, IL1β, IL8, and TNFα plasma cytokine levels compared to naturally cycling females, but higher levels compared with females using hormonal contraception. LPS-stimulated IL12P70 levels were lower in both groups of females vs. males. Alpha- and beta-diversity did not differ although differences in genus-level bacteria were found.
conclusionCytokine levels differed between males and females using hormonal contraceptives but not between males and normally cycling females. It is important to consider that naturally cycling females may have a different cytokine and microbiome profile than females using hormonal contraceptives. Whether this portends a sex difference in potential etiologic factors remains to be determined.
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