SynthesisEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society2025
Influenza vaccine outcomes: a meta-analysis revealing morbidity benefits amid low infection prevention.
Synthesis in European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Influenza vaccine protection and contact patterns among outpatients with influenza-like illness during the 2024-2025 season in China: a test-negative case-control study.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Influenza Vaccination Among Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes in Denmark: Coverage, Persistence, and Determinants, 2015-2022.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Influenza Vaccination in Spain: Understanding the Impact of Suboptimal Coverage on Health, Society, and the Economy.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Vaccination Coverage of Greek Adults Aged ≥60 Years in a Primary Health Care Setting in Relation to Lifestyle Factors and Health Care Services Utilization.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Influenza Infection Complicated by Ventricular Fibrillation, Cardiac Arrest, and Torsades De Pointes: A Case Report.Cureus · 2026Article
- A large-scale single-cell transcriptomic atlas indicates the immune panorama of influenza A infection.iMeta · 2026Article
- State-of-the-art of the high dose influenza vaccine in Spain.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Advances in Traditional Chinese Medicine interventions for influenza A based on the gut-lung axis: modern evidence for the exterior-interior relationship between the lung and large intestine.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Development of a broad-spectrum nasal live attenuated influenza vaccine based on mosaic antigen design against influenza B viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Effect of Influenza Vaccination on the Disease Severity and Viral Load Among Adult Outpatients and Inpatients.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Risk and resilience factors associated with the progression of influenza to severe disease outcomes: umbrella review protocol.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Factors Associated with Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Among Working-Age Adults in Poland: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Unraveling Poland's unprecedented influenza surge in early 2025: increased viral severity or post-pandemic vulnerability?Pharmacological reports : PR · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe morbidity and mortality associated with influenza viruses are a significant public health challenge. Annual vaccination against circulating influenza strains reduces hospitalisations and increases survival rates but requires a yearly redesign of vaccines against prevalent subtypes. The complex genetics of influenza viruses with high antigenic drift create an ongoing challenge in vaccine development to address dynamic influenza epidemiology. Understanding the evolution of influenza viruses and the vaccine's effectiveness against different types and subtypes is pivotal to designing public health measures against influenza.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 192 705 patients, collecting information on the incidence and severity of the disease. The results of this meta-analysis were further validated using data from 6 594 765 patients from TriNetX. We analysed the prevalence of the most common influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B virus (IBV), as well as vaccination effectiveness against them in three age groups, given that age is associated with influenza disease severity.
resultsOur analysis reflects that overall vaccination against H1N1 IAV and IBV is effective in reducing infection and influenza-related complications in children aged <5 years old, individuals between 5 and 65 years old and older adults aged >65 years old. By contrast, while vaccination against H3N2 IAV is effective in protecting against infection in infants <5 years old, it provides reduced protection against infection in older individuals.
conclusionsDespite higher infection rates, vaccination against H3N2 remains as highly effective as vaccination against H1N1 and IBV in reducing influenza-related morbidity and mortality in all age groups. Detailing vaccine effectiveness in terms of infection protection and disease burden across different age groups is necessary for understanding vaccine impacts in terms of other outcomes,
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