Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39778060›Full record

ArticleAutism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research2025

Demographic Correlates of Autism: How Do Associations Compare Between Diagnosis and a Quantitative Trait Measure?

Kristen Lyall, Aisha S Dickerson, Annette M Green, Seth Frndak, Lisa A Croen, Jennifer L Ames, Lyndsay A Avalos, Judy L Aschner, Nicole R Bush, Carlos A Camargo and 34 more

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

44 authors.

Kristen LyallAJ Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4633-0799
Aisha S DickersonJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3929-9540
Annette M GreenRTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
Seth FrndakJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Lisa A CroenDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7849-9428
Jennifer L AmesDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0906-9162
Lyndsay A AvalosDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8748-0614
Judy L AschnerDepartment of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
Nicole R BushDepartments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Carlos A CamargoMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Viren D'SaDepartment of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
Stephen R DagerDepartment of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Anne L DunlopEmory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Assiamira FerraraDivision of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, California, USA.
Jody M GanibanDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
James E GernDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Tre D GissandanerDepartment of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
J Carolyn GraffDepartments of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention and Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Irva Hertz-PicciottoDepartment of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6952-2390
Alison E HipwellDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Tengfei MaDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
Meghan MillerDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.
Laura MurphyDepartment of Psychiatry and Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Margaret R KaragasDepartment of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
Rachel S KellyChanning Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Amy MargolisDepartment of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
Daphne Koinis-MitchellDepartment of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
Cindy T McEvoyDepartment of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
Daniel MessingerDepartments of Psychology and Pediatrics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA.
Ruby NguyenDivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Emily OkenDepartment of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Sally OzonoffDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1230-0794
Grier P PageRTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
Susan L SchantzBeckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Rebecca J SchmidtDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1582-2747
Coral L ShusterWomen and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3328-5220
Julie B SchweitzerDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.
Stephen J SheinkopfUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
Joseph B StanfordDepartment of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
Cindy O TrevinoUniversity of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Scott T WeissDivision of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Heather E VolkDepartment of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5415-2494
Robert M JosephBoston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6879-0254
program collaborators for Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes

Funding

Project-005U2COD023375 · OD · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI Phillip Brian Smith · 2016 to 2026
$215.9M
ECHODAC (Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Data Analysis Center)U24OD023382 · OD · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Diane J Catellier, LISA P JACOBSON · 2016 to 2026
$148.4M
Wisconsin Infant Study Cohort (WISC) ECHO Pediatric Follow-UpUH3OD023282 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI James E. Gern · 2018 to 2026
$64.8M
The NYU Children’s Health & Environment Study: an ECHO CohortUH3OD023305 · OD · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI Akhgar Ghassabian, Leonardo Trasande · 2018 to 2026
$59.5M
Mount Sinai ECHO site for Perinatal Environment and Development StudiesUH3OD023337 · OD · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI KECIA Nicole CARROLL, Robert O Wright · 2018 to 2026
$54.1M
Conduits: Mount Sinai Health System Translational Science HubUL1TR004419 · NCATS · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI Rosalind J Wright · 2022 to 2026
$46.4M
A prospective study of critical environmental exposures in formative early life that impact lifelong health in rural US children: the New Hampshire Birth Cohort StudyUH3OD023275 · OD · DARTMOUTH COLLEGE · PI MARGARET Rita KARAGAS, Juliette Madan · 2018 to 2026
$44.3M
The ECHO Measurement Core: A Framework and Resource for Assessing Environmental Exposure and Child HealthU24OD023319 · OD · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI Courtney K Blackwell, RICHARD GERSHON · 2016 to 2026
$43.7M
Prenatal and Early Childhood Pathways To Health:  An Integrated Model of Chemical and Social Exposures, Biological Mechanisms, and Sex-Specific Effects on Neurodevelopment and Respiratory OutcomesUH3OD023271 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI BUSH, NICOLE RENEE, KARR, CATHERINE J · 2018 to 2022
$37.3M
Environmental Influences on Childhood Outcomes in the Northern Plains Safe Passage Study CohortsUH3OD023279 · OD · AVERA MCKENNAN · PI Amy J Elliott, Christine W Hockett · 2018 to 2026
$31.7M
Early Life Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Child Growth, Adiposity, and NeurodevelopmentUH3OD023289 · OD · KAISER FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI ASSIAMIRA FERRARA, Monique Marie Hedderson · 2018 to 2026
$25.1M
Understanding Breastfeeding Practices Among ECHO Cohort Participants Before and During/After the COVID-19 PandemicUH3OD023285 · OD · MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY · PI Charles James Barone, MICHAEL R. ELLIOTT · 2018 to 2026
$24.5M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR004419NHLBI NIH HHS K01 HL146980NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL159701NIAID NIH HHS U24 AI179612NIH HHS U24 OD023319NIH HHS U24 OD023382NIH HHS U2C OD023375NIH HHS UH3 OD023244NIH HHS UH3 OD023248NIH HHS UH3 OD023249NIH HHS UH3 OD023251NIH HHS UH3 OD023253NIH HHS UH3 OD023268NIH HHS UH3 OD023271NIH HHS UH3 OD023272NIH HHS UH3 OD023275NIH HHS UH3 OD023279NIH HHS UH3 OD023282NIH HHS UH3 OD023285NIH HHS UH3 OD023286NIH HHS UH3 OD023288NIH HHS UH3 OD023289NIH HHS UH3 OD023290NIH HHS UH3 OD023305NIH HHS UH3 OD023313NIH HHS UH3 OD023318NIH HHS UH3 OD023320NIH HHS UH3 OD023328NIH HHS UH3 OD023332NIH HHS UH3 OD023337NIH HHS UH3 OD023342NIH HHS UH3 OD023347NIH HHS UH3 OD023348NIH HHS UH3 OD023349NIH HHS UH3 OD023365NIH HHS UH3 OD023389NIH HHS UH3 OD035533
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Prevalence of autism diagnosis has historically differed by demographic factors. Using data from 8224 participants drawn from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, we examined relationships between demographic factors and parent-reported autism-related traits as captured by the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS; T score > 65) and compared these to relations with parent-reported clinician diagnosis of ASD, in generalized linear mixed effects regression analyses. Results suggested lower odds of autism diagnosis, but not of SRS T > 65, for non-Hispanic Black children (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.76, 95% CI 0.55, 1.06) relative to non-Hispanic White children. Higher maternal education was associated with reduced odds of both outcomes (OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.51, 1.05 for ASD autism diagnosis and 0.4, 95% CI 0.29, 0.55 for SRS score). In addition, results suggested a lower likelihood of autism diagnosis but a higher likelihood of an SRS score > 65 in Black girls. Findings suggest lower diagnostic recognition of autism in non-Hispanic Black children, despite a similar degree of SRS-assessed autism-related traits falling in the clinically elevated range. Further work is needed to address this disparity.

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderAutistic DisorderBlack or African AmericanChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansMaleParentsPrevalenceWhiteautismdiagnosissocial responsiveness scale

Identifiers

PMID39778060
PMCPMC11929602

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.