Observational studyEuropean heart journal2025
Coffee drinking timing and mortality in US adults.
Observational study in European heart journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Hypocaloric low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets on flow-mediated dilation, blood pressure, cardiovascular biomarkers, and body composition in individuals with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of the host-tumor metabolic interface: Implications for precision nutritional oncology.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- A multi-country citizen-science study on what makes us enjoy a cup of coffee.NPJ science of food · 2026Article
- Article
- "Is a general belief in one's capabilities related to mental and physical health?": The relationships between self-efficacy, health outcomes, and health-related behaviour.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- No DECAF Coffee for Me, Please!European cardiology · 2026Review
- Coffee Consumption is Associated with a High Prevalence of Headache in a Taiwanese Population Study.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Assessment and characterization of circadian and temporal eating patterns for precision nutrition.European heart journal · 2025Article
- Impact of Coffee Intake on Sleep Quality Among Adults in the Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Cureus · 2025Article
- Correlations Between Coffee Intake, Glycemic Control, Cardiovascular Risk, and Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: A 12-Month Observational Study.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Impact of Food Exposome on Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability: Metabolomic Insights from Human Carotid Endarterectomy Specimen.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Coffee drinking timing patterns and 'time-based' dietary patterns.European heart journal · 2025Article
- Wearables in Chronomedicine and Interpretation of Circadian Health.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Timing and dose matter: a diurnal pattern of coffee consumption optimises improvement in insulin resistance.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsTo identify the patterns of coffee drinking timing in the US population and evaluate their associations with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
methodsThis study included 40 725 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2018 who had complete information on dietary data and 1463 adults from the Women's and Men's Lifestyle Validation Study who had complete data on 7-day dietary record. Clustering analysis was used to identify patterns of coffee drinking timing.
resultsIn this observational study, two distinct patterns of coffee drinking timing [morning type (36% of participants) and all-day-type patterns (14% of participants)] were identified in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and were validated in the Women's and Men's Lifestyle Validation Study. During a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 9.8 (9.1) years, a total of 4295 all-cause deaths, 1268 cardiovascular disease deaths, and 934 cancer deaths were recorded. After adjustment for caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee intake amounts, sleep hours, and other confounders, the morning-type pattern, rather than the all-day-type pattern, was significantly associated with lower risks of all-cause (hazard ratio: .84; 95% confidential interval: .74-.95) and cardiovascular disease-specific (hazard ratio: .69; 95% confidential interval: .55-.87) mortality as compared with non-coffee drinking. Coffee drinking timing significantly modified the association between coffee intake amounts and all-cause mortality (P-interaction = .031); higher coffee intake amounts were significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality in participants with morning-type pattern but not in those with all-day-type pattern.
conclusionsDrinking coffee in the morning may be more strongly associated with a lower risk of mortality than drinking coffee later in the day.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.