Physician Payment Incentives and Active Surveillance in Low-Risk Prostate Cancer.

Importance: Active surveillance in men with less aggressive prostate cancer is inconsistently used despite clinical guidelines. Renumeration generally favors treatment over conservative management and may contribute to the variable adoption of active surveillance, which suggests that value-based payment incentives may promote guideline-concordant care. Objective: To describe the adoption of active surveillance in low-risk prostate cancer, following the initiation of a novel payment incentive sponsored by a commercial payer to support its use. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included men with prostate cancer diagnosed between 2015 to 2021 with data registered with the Michigan Urological Surgery Improvement Collaborative (MUSIC), a statewide quality-improvement collaborative of practicing urologists. Eligible participants were men with newly diagnosed low-risk or low-volume, favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer who were eligible for active surveillance. Data were analyzed from January 2015 through December 2021. Exposure: Health insurance payment incentive established between June 9, 2017, and September 30, 2018, to encourage active surveillance adoption within MUSIC. Upon meeting the target (ie, at least 72% of men with low-risk disease consider or initiate surveillance), the insurer would provide enhanced reimbursement on claims covered by preferred provider organization plans independent of diagnosis. Main Outcomes and Measures: Active surveillance adoption relative to the preincentive period among men with low-risk prostate cancer. Secondary analyses examined practices by baseline surveillance use and proportion of patients with eligible insurance plans, as well as patients with favorable intermediate-risk disease. Results: We identified 15 273 patients (median [IQR] age, 65 [59-70] years), of whom 10 457 (68.5%) had low-risk disease. The percentage of these men electing for surveillance increased, from 54.4% in 2015 (729 of 1340 men) to 84.1% in 2021 (1089 of 1295 men). Relative to the preincentive period, the payment incentive was not associated with increased surveillance use among patients with low-risk disease (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% CI, 0.75-1.24) during its application. Secondary analyses similarly did not demonstrate an association between the payment incentive and active surveillance adoption. Conclusions and Relevance: A payment incentive was not associated with increased active surveillance adoption in men with low-risk prostate cancer relative to the preincentive period. Value-based reimbursement incentives may require tailored implementation that considers existing reimbursement policy and practice characteristics to improve prostate cancer care quality.