Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39775179›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Simultaneous measurement of liquid level and R.I. sensor using POF based on twisted structure.

Muhammad Saleh Urf Kumail Haider, Chen Chen, Abdul Ghaffar, Sadam Hussain, Mujahid Mehdi, Laraib Unsa Noor, Sabir Ali Kalhoro, Min Liu

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Muhammad Saleh Urf Kumail HaiderSchool of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-5561-7277
Chen ChenSchool of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China. c.chen@cqu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2541-6283
Abdul GhaffarKey Laboratory of Air-Driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 32400, Zhejiang, China. ghaffar@qzc.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8920-5034
Sadam HussainKey Laboratory of Air-Driven Equipment Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 32400, Zhejiang, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1990-7676
Mujahid MehdiAror University of Art Architecture Design & Heritage Sindh, Faculty of Design, Aror, Pakistan, Sukkur, Sindh, 65200, Pakistan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-303X
Laraib Unsa NoorCollege of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
Sabir Ali KalhoroNorth Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
Min LiuSchool of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 61901065Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Municipality cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In this paper, a dual-parameter liquid level and refractive index (R.I.) sensor is fabricated using three pieces of bare polymer optical fibers (POFs), which can independently and simultaneously sense the liquid level and R.I. The proposed sensor design utilizes the twisted coupling technique, in which two optical fibers are twisted and coupled with macro-bending. The liquid level measurement depends on the coupling loss, where the light is transmitted to emission fiber (EF) and twisted with coupled acceptor fiber (AF). The proposed liquid level sensor can measure depths up to 125 mm with a sensitivity of 8.03 nW/mm. Moreover, R.I. sensing depends on the twisted coupled macro-bending (TCMB) technique, where the EF generates bend loss and the AF couples the loss, where the coupled power varies due to the transformation in R.I. of coupling medium. The R.I. sensor revealing a notable sensitivity of -2663%/RIU and an impressive resolution of 3.754 × 10

Indexed as

Bend lossCouplingLiquid level sensorMulti parameter techniqueR.I. sensor

Identifiers

PMID39775179
PMCPMC11707184

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.