Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39774465›Full record

ArticlePloS one2025

Evidence of avian and human influenza A virus infection in farmed Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand.

Metawee Thongdee, Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan, Natthaphat Ketchim, Nareerat Sangkachai, Nlin Arya, Wanna Sirimanapong, Witthawat Wiriyarat, Pilaipan Puthavathana, Weena Paungpin

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Metawee ThongdeeFaculty of Veterinary Science, The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Somjit ChaiwattanarungruengpaisanFaculty of Veterinary Science, The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Natthaphat KetchimFaculty of Veterinary Science, The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Nareerat SangkachaiFaculty of Veterinary Science, The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.ORCID 0009-0001-7008-281X
Nlin AryaFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Wanna SirimanapongFaculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, The Veterinary Aquatic Animal Research Health Care Unit, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0002-3900-0812
Witthawat WiriyaratFaculty of Veterinary Science, The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Pilaipan PuthavathanaFaculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Weena PaungpinFaculty of Veterinary Science, The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.ORCID 0000-0002-3909-2884

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Crocodilians are susceptible to a range of virus infection including influenza A virus (IAV). However, little is known about the ecology and epidemiology of IAV in crocodile species. This study aimed to investigate IAV infection in farmed Siamese crocodiles in central Thailand. We collected plasma samples and pharyngeal swab samples from Siamese crocodiles residing in 13 crocodile farms in 9 provinces of central Thailand during 2019. Additional archival plasma samples of Siamese crocodiles collected in 2012 and 2018 were also included in the study. Plasma samples were screened for influenza A antibodies by a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and positive were evaluated by a cytopathic effect/hemagglutination based-microneutralization (MN) assay. Swab samples were tested for influenza viral RNA by a real-time RT-PCR assay targeting the influenza matrix (M) gene. Among 246 tested plasma samples, the overall seroprevalence of antibodies against IAV in farmed Siamese crocodiles was 17.5% (43/246). The most common hemagglutinin (HA) subtype was H2 (46.5%, 20/43) followed by H9 (39.5%, 17/43), human H1 (14%, 6/43) and H1 (7%, 3/43). Multiple HA subtypes were also detected in 7% (3/43) of infected crocodiles with combination of H1 and H2 subtypes. All 126 tested swab samples were negative for influenza viral RNA. In addition, we demonstrated the ability of wild-type IAV subtypes (H1, H2, H9 and human H1) to infect primary Siamese crocodile fibroblast cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of serological evidences of avian and human IAV infection in Siamese crocodiles. Our findings highlighted the role of crocodile species in the ecology of IAV particularly the potential to serve as the reservoir or mixing vessel for the viruses that significantly threaten both human and animal health.

Indexed as

Alligators and CrocodilesInfluenza A virusOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsAnimalsAntibodies, ViralHemagglutination Inhibition TestsHumansInfluenza, HumanInfluenza in BirdsSeroepidemiologic StudiesThailandAntibodies, Viral

Identifiers

PMID39774465
PMCPMC11706503

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.