SynthesisBMJ open2025
Risk factors for brain metastasis in lung cancer: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- "What really works for us?" exploring therapeutic strategies for non-small cell lung cancer: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Development and application of a prognostic model based on radiomics and artificial intelligence for patients with lung adenocarcinoma brain metastasis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Breast Cancer With Airway Edema Caused by Metastatic Fracture of the Cervical Vertebra.World journal of oncology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo conduct an umbrella review to extensively evaluate and summarise the evidence regarding the relationship between risk factors and the occurrence of brain metastasis in lung cancer.
designUmbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. DATA SOURCES: Four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library) were searched from inception to 10 November 2024. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses that assessed the relationship between risk factors and brain metastasis in lung cancer were included. Only English language studies were considered. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two authors independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality and risk of bias of the included studies. Certainty of evidence was evaluated and summarised for each identified risk factor.
resultsSix systematic reviews/meta-analyses were included. The quality of these studies varied, with most having low or critically low methodological quality. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations, female gender, lung adenocarcinoma and advanced tumour stage were associated with an increased risk of brain metastasis. Prophylactic cranial irradiation and older age were associated with reduced risk.
conclusionsThis umbrella review suggests that several risk factors may be associated with brain metastasis in lung cancer, but the overall quality of evidence is low. Future studies with improved methodologies are needed to validate these findings. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023484563.
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