ArticleViruses2024
Persistence of Long COVID Symptoms Two Years After SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study.
Article in Viruses, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Shared genetic structure between COVID-19 and migraine: insights from large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis.Virus research · 2026Article
- Implementation of an interdisciplinary research model at a tertiary University Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil: post-COVID-19 cohort study.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Unveiling alternate pathways for SARS-CoV-2 infection via extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Long-term sex differences in symptoms and immune profile in long COVID.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Clinical Manifestations of Subjects with Long COVID and Their Associations with Drug Use: The BioICOPER Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Persistence of Post-COVID-19 Condition After Critical Care: 32-Month Follow-Up.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Functional impact of long COVID among healthcare workers with comorbidities in Quebec, Canada: a cross-sectional study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Long COVID Prevalence and Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Persistence of symptoms in long-COVID: follow-up trajectories of 30 symptoms in 755 patients from a national multicenter study from Italy.Internal and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Chest computed tomography findings do not influence the decision of pneumologists regarding the diagnosis and management of pulmonary long coronavirus disease: a single center retrospective study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- The Impact of Physical Activity on Long COVID Symptoms Among College Students: A Retrospective Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Design of a lateral flow assay targeting the conserved NIID_2019-nCoV_N gene region for molecular viral diagnosis.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2025Article
- Pre-COVID health-related quality of life predicts symptoms and outcomes for patients with long COVID.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesMillions of individuals worldwide continue to experience symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and phenotype of multi-system symptoms attributed to Long COVID-including fatigue, pain, cognitive-emotional disturbances, headache, cardiopulmonary issues, and alterations in taste and smell-that have persisted for at least two years after acute infection, which we define as "persistent Long COVID". Additionally, the study aimed to identify clinical features and blood biomarkers associated with persistent Long COVID symptoms.
methodsWe sent a detailed long COVID symptoms questionnaire to an existing cohort of 1258 vaccinated adults (age 18-79 years) who had mild infection (e.g., non-hospitalized) SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant 2 years earlier. These individuals had comprehensive datasets, including blood samples, available for further analysis. We estimated prevalence of persistent long COVID two years post-infection using weighted adjustment (Horvitz-Thompson estimator) to overcome reporting bias. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine association of clinical features and blood biomarkers (pre-infection SARS-CoV-2 RBD-IgG, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, and pre-infection and post-infection neurofilament light) with prevalence of persistent long COVID.
resultsN = 323 participants responded to the survey, of whom N = 74 (23%) reported at least one long COVID symptom that had persisted for two years after the acute infection. Weighted prevalence of persistent long COVID symptoms was 21.5% (95% CI = 16.7-26.3%). Female gender, smoking, and severity of acute COVID-19 infection were significantly associated with persistent Long COVID. The blood biomarkers assessed were not significantly associated with persistent Long COVID.
conclusionsAmong vaccinated adults two years after mild infection with Delta variant SARS-CoV-2, persistent symptoms attributed to Long COVID are extremely common, certain subgroups are at higher risk, and further research into biological mechanisms and potential treatment targets is needed.
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