ArticleViruses2024
Development and Evaluation of a Newcastle Disease Virus-like Particle Vaccine Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Protease-Resistant and Stability-Enhanced Modifications.
Article in Viruses, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Terminal V5 Tagging of All Four Newcastle Disease Virus Structural Proteins Is Compatible with Particle Formation in Sf9 Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- IRO-203: a novel intranasal COVID-19 vaccine showing immunogenicity and viral suppression in African green monkey challenge study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Current Advances and Future Directions.Current drug targets · 2026Review
- Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus-like Nanoparticles Pseudo-Typed with SARS-CoV-2 RBD for Vaccination Against COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The ongoing global health crisis caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitates the continuous development of innovative vaccine strategies, especially in light of emerging viral variants that could undermine the effectiveness of existing vaccines. In this study, we developed a recombinant virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine based on the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) platform, displaying a stabilized prefusion form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. This engineered S protein includes two proline substitutions (K986P, V987P) and a mutation at the cleavage site (RRAR to QQAQ), aimed at enhancing both its stability and immunogenicity. Using a prime-boost regimen, we administered NDV-VLP-S-3Q2P intramuscularly at different doses (2, 10, and 20 µg) to BALB/c mice. Robust humoral responses were observed, with high titers of S-protein-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, reaching titers of 1:2200-1:2560 post-boost. The vaccine also induced balanced Th1/Th2 immune responses, evidenced by significant upregulation of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4) and S-protein-specific IgG1 and IgG2a. Furthermore, strong activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen and lungs confirmed the vaccine's ability to promote cellular immunity. These findings demonstrate that NDV-S3Q2P-VLP is a potent immunogen capable of eliciting robust humoral and cellular immune responses, highlighting its potential as a promising candidate for further clinical development in combating COVID-19.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.