ArticleViruses2024
Genotypic Clustering of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in North America Evaluated by Ordination Analysis.
Article in Viruses, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- High pathogenicity avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from poultry and wild birds in Japan during the 2024-2025 season.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Genotype D1.2 Virus in Swine after Experimental Inoculation.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
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- Integrated approaches to explore temporal-spatial changes in gene reassortment of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) virus in Eurasia, 2000-2023.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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- Neuraminidase reassortment and oseltamivir resistance in clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) viruses circulating among Canadian poultry, 2024.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Argentina, 2025.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Poultry Farm Workers, Washington, USA, 2024.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in the United States from March 2024 to May 2025.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b in Cattle: A Rising One Health Concern.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The introduction of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses to North America in late 2021 resulted in avian influenza outbreaks in poultry, mortality events in many wild bird species, and spillovers into many mammalian species. Reassortment events with North American low-pathogenic virus were identified as early as February 2022 and over 100 genotypes have been characterized. Such diversity increases the complexity and time required for monitoring virus evolution. Here, we performed ordination and clustering analyses on sequence data from H5N1 viruses identified in North America between January 2020 and December 2023 to visualize the genotypic diversity of viruses in poultry and wildlife populations. Our results reveal that ordination- and cluster-based approaches can complement traditional phylogenetic analyses specifically for the preliminary assignment of H5N1 viruses to genotypic groups or to identify novel genotypes. Our study expands current knowledge on the genotypic diversity of H5N1 viruses in North America and describes a rapid approach for early virus genotype assignment.
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