ReviewMicroorganisms2024
West Nile Virus: An Update Focusing on Southern Europe.
Review in Microorganisms, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Clinical Spectrum and Exploratory Mortality Markers in Hospitalized Patients with Different Clinical Presentations of West Nile Virus Infection: A Multicenter Cohort from Southern Italy.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- West Nile Virus in Horses as a Sentinel Host in One Health Surveillance: Epidemiological Insights and Future Perspectives.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- West Nile Virus in Europe: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Environmental Drivers, and the Role of Equine Sentinel Surveillance in a One Health Framework.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pharmaceutical Strategies for West Nile Virus in Europe, an Underrecognized Cause of Severe Disease and Mortality in Older Adults: From Supportive Care to Antiviral Development.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review of mosquitoes in Ireland and of relevant mosquito-borne pathogens.Irish veterinary journal · 2026Review
- Utility of blood biomarkers in inpatients with West Nile virus infection: an exploratory study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Mosquito viromes across England and Wales reveal hidden arbovirus signals and limited ecological structuring.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Vector-Borne Infections in Romania: From Surveillance to Prediction.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Europe Faces Multiple Arboviral Threats in 2025.Viruses · 2025Review
- Why science must speak differently.Infectious agents and cancer · 2025Article
- Rapid-Response Vector Surveillance and Emergency Control During the Largest West Nile Virus Outbreak in Southern Spain.Insects · 2025Article
- Structure-Function Insights into Frog Skin Peptides Reveal Potent Inhibition of West Nile Virus Entry.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Ecological drivers of arboviral disease risk: Vector-host interfaces in a Mediterranean wetland of Northeastern Spain.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- West Nile Virus (WNV): One-Health and Eco-Health Global Risks.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic, vector-borne pathogen affecting humans and animals, particularly in Europe. The virus is primarily transmitted through mosquitoes that infect birds, which serve as the main reservoirs. Humans and horses are incidental hosts. This review focuses on the epidemiology of WNV in southern Europe, particularly its increasing prevalence. Methods included an extensive literature review and analysis of recent outbreaks. WNV is largely asymptomatic in humans, but a small percentage can develop West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND), leading to severe neurological symptoms and fatalities. Horses can also suffer from neurological complications, with high mortality rates. Climate change, migratory birds, and mosquito population dynamics contribute to the virus spread across Europe. Control efforts focus on vector management, and while vaccines are available for horses, none has been approved for humans. Surveillance, particularly of bird and mosquito populations, and further research into the virus molecular structure are crucial for understanding and mitigating future outbreaks.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.